Correlation of Carbohydrate and Fat Intake with PaCO₂ Levels in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Enteral Feeding

DOI

10.2991/978-94-6239-770-5_14How to use a DOI?

Keywords

Carbohydrate Intake; Fat Intake; PaCO2; Critically Ill Patients; Enteral Feeding

Abstract

Critically ill patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) often experience metabolic changes that affect acid-base balance and blood gas levels, including the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂). Carbohydrates and fats are the main sources of nonprotein calories that contribute to CO₂ production through metabolic processes. This study aimed to explore the correlation between carbohydrate and fat intake and PaCO₂ levels in critically ill patients receiving enteral feeding at Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, East Java Province, Indonesia. This study employed an observational, cross-sectional design (n = 20). Data on carbohydrate and fat intake were collected from multiple 24-h enteral feeding records, while PaCO₂ levels were measured via arterial blood gas analysis. The correlation was assessed with Pearson correlation test, and mean differences were examined using One-Way ANOVA. Results indicated that the average carbohydrate intake was 157.32±46.61 g, with an adequacy of 77.92±26.23%, and fat intake was 40.11±12.73 g, with an adequacy of 82.66±30.10%. No significant association was found between PaCO₂ levels and either carbohydrate or fat intake and adequacy (p > 0.05). This study concludes that carbohydrate and fat intake are not significantly associated with PaCO2 levels in critically ill patients receiving enteral feeding. Further study is recommended to investigate macronutrient intake in critically ill patients with stricter control of respiratory variables.

Copyright

© 2026 The Author(s)

Open Access

Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.

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TY  - CONF
AU  - Ayling Lie Pannadewi
AU  - Anggun Rindang Cempaka
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/04
TI  - Correlation of Carbohydrate and Fat Intake with PaCO₂ Levels in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Enteral Feeding
BT  - Proceedings of the 6th International Nursing and Health Sciences Symposium (INHSS 2025)
PB  - Atlantis Press
SP  - 128
EP  - 140
SN  - 2468-5739
UR  - https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6239-770-5_14
DO  - 10.2991/978-94-6239-770-5_14
ID  - Pannadewi2026
ER  -