Targeting Immune Dysregulation in COVID-19 with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Phytocompound Interactions from Phaleria macrocarpa via Network Pharmacology Approach

DOI

10.2991/978-94-6239-717-0_21How to use a DOI?

Keywords

Hyperglycemia; Immune Response; Interferon; Phalerin; Toll-like Receptor

Abstract

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) tend to experience worse clinical outcomes when infected with SARS-CoV-2. The hyperinflammatory state associated with diabetes contributes to immune dysregulation during COVID-19 infection, often triggering a cytokine storm that exacerbates disease severity. Phaleria macrocarpa (mahkota dewa) fruit is known to possess bioactivities, including antioxidants, anti-diabetic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. This study aims to explore the potential interactions between P. macrocarpa phytochemicals and immune-related proteins associated with COVID-19 and T2DM using a network pharmacology approach. HPLC was further used to analyze selected compounds from the P. macrocarpa extract and fractions identified by LC-HRMS, aiming to isolate target-specific compounds. The target proteins were retrieved from the GeneCards and OMIM databases, while the structures of the compounds were obtained from PubChem and KNApSAcK. Cytoscape was employed to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. The interactions between P. macrocarpa phytochemicals and the predicted target genes were visualized, followed by enrichment analysis using Metascape. The results showed that a total of six compounds, including phalerin, khellin, tridemorph, glycetin, L-α-palmitin, and navenone A, were found to interact with 27 nodes of protein targets associated with the immune response in COVID-19 patients with T2DM. In conclusion, these targets play key roles in modulating immune function through antiviral defense, interferon-mediated responses, and toll-like receptor pathways.

Copyright

© 2026 The Author(s)

Open Access

Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.

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TY  - CONF
AU  - Annisa H. Nurhasanah
AU  - Melva Louisa
AU  - Marissa Angelina
AU  - Novriantika Lestari
AU  - Ari Estuningtyas
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/06/25
TI  - Targeting Immune Dysregulation in COVID-19 with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Phytocompound Interactions from Phaleria macrocarpa via Network Pharmacology Approach
BT  - Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Quality in Research (QiR 2025)
PB  - Atlantis Press
SP  - 287
EP  - 301
SN  - 2352-5401
UR  - https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6239-717-0_21
DO  - 10.2991/978-94-6239-717-0_21
ID  - Nurhasanah2026
ER  -