Advances in Biological Sciences Research

Mulberry plants have been cultivated for a long time ago. It is being grown for the supply of silkworms. Mulberry cultivation as a silkworms feeds in Indonesia increases because mulberry plants have many benefits, including leaves and fruit as animal feed, tea production, and pharmaceuticals. This study...

The demand for cultivated fish for public consumption has increased. One of the fish farming methods was a fish pond that is integrated with poultry, especially the types of fish that are easy to cultivate such as tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and catfish (Clarias sp.). The aim of this research was...

Smart agriculture will be essential for sustainable food production. Above all, the implementation of smart plant protection is highly expected as a way to protect crops from pests. However, for this purpose, it is necessary to collect a lot of experimental data, link it with various information, and...

Many studies have reported that the addition of bromelain enzyme and pineapple extract can increase the growth performance of broiler chickens. However, when the bromelain enzyme was applied to meat, it can digest proteins that cause cell damage. In this study, the addition of the bromelain enzyme with...

Indonesia continues to confront difficulties and barriers in obtaining halal certification because some unresponsible individuals continue to adulterate halal food by combining it with pork or fanged animals in order to increase their profits. Therefore, it is necessary for Halal Examining Institutions...

The activity of Chinese jatropha stem extract (J. multifida L.) was tested on S. frugiperda larvae to determine the percentage of mortality and fitness. The research was carried out in the pest and disease laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University from January to May 2020. The research...

The effects of minocycline on the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats were evaluated in this study. The diabetes rats with diabetic nephropathy (DN) were induced by STZ (55 mg/kg) injection. The experiment included 5 groups 1) normal, 2) normal plus...

4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)benzaldehyde (1) as a water-soluble aldehyde is an important intermediate for small molecule anticancer drugs. A rapid and high yield synthetic method for 4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)benzaldehyde (1) was established in this work. The target compound was synthesized from the commercially...

The study aims to determine the effect of cow manure feeding at different levels on the growth of grass Pennisetum purpereum cv. Mott as fodder. The study used a randomized group design method (GDM) with 4 treatments and 5 replays which were then maintained for 60 days. The treatment applied, namely...

Sandbar is one of river structures that functions to decrease river flow velocity and increase diversification of flow distribution leading to river channel stability. Sandbars have roles in sediment transport mechanism, reducing pollutants due to denitrification mechanism, and as a host for aquatic...

Objective: Analysis anastomosis of the commonly used animal models and clinical features of chronic skin ulcer disease, put forward to recommendations for model refinement. Method: Summarize the characteristics of existing chronic skin ulcer model and molding method, according to traditional Chinese...

Building a unified educational space allows students to choose and build their own career. In connection with the adoption of the Bologna system there was a modernization of the education system in Russian Universities. The article highlights the features of the development, formation and construction...

Ruku-ruku leaves are one of the natural resources in West Sumatra. However, the use of ruku-ruku leaves nowadays has only been used to enrich the taste of cuisine such as fish curry dishes. The distinctive odor of the ruku-ruku leaves can eliminate the fishy odor in the fish. This distinctive odor comes...

The research was aimed to determine the influence of magnetic fields supply and hygromycin concentration on the optimization of folate gene putative transformant selection in rice (cv. Fatmawati). The Genetic transformation of rice used A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404 as a vector that contained plasmid...

Strategic Design for Sustainable Tourism Management in Pangempang Beach. Pangempang Beach is an object and tourist attraction which is included in the category of developing areas and most of them have not been developed and managed professionally. The purpose of this study was to analyze land suitability,...

The Leptin gene, also known as ‘obese’, was an important regulator of growth traits which is the principal economic value of beef cattle. This paper aimed to investigate the potency of the Leptin gene as a selection marker of economic traits for Madura cattle. This study was performed by literature review...

The main constraint of the Ettawa Crossbreed does management at the farmer level is that the forages as the only feed given because farmers are unable to provide another feed, which causes the failure to reach optimum productivity. In this study, the supplementary feed was added as a protein source concentrate...

This study utilizes Logitec HD webcam C270 as a computer vison-based precision monitoring system to optimize the performance of cassava chips drying machines. Cassava chips processed from optimal drying is later utilized as raw material for quality modified cassava flour (MOCAF). The purpose of this...

The efficiency of plant breeding programs can be improved by determining genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance. The experiment was carried out to study the genetic variability, broad-sense heritability, and genetic advance for some morphological and physiological traits in rice influenced...

Humic acid is naturally generated from aerobic decomposition of organic matter by organisms. Treatment of humic acid by photocatalyst have some advantages, such as no saturation point, inexpensive, non-toxic and environmentally friendly. Photocatalyst is a photochemical process which involved catalyst...

Based on the acute toxicity data for aquatic organisms from China and the United States, species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) were developed to derive to HC5 (the Hazardous Concentration for 5% of the species). Sensitivity to NP in taxa of vertebrates, invertebrates and plants were compared separately...

This study aims to determine the nutritional content and fermentation profile of whole-plant corn (WPC) silage cultivated in rice fields during the dry season from various varieties with additives. This study consisted of 2 treatments, namely V1: Lamuru corn variety and V2: Pioneer P32 corn variety,...

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is one of the most common primary malignancies of the major and minor salivary glands. ACC is an uncommon neoplasm that most frequently arises in salivary glands and related tissue in the head and neck region. Unlike head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, ACC is characterized...

Experiment on morphological characterization of natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) genotypes was carried out during the 2021 cropping season. The experiment was set up at clonal garden of Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria (RRIN) Iyanomo, Benin City. The objective of the study was to characterize...

The analysis of the inhibiting effect of antibiotic from the cephalosporin series, nanoencapsulated gellan and xanthan gum in comparison with native antibiotics was performed. Differences in the effect of drugs depending on concentration were studied as well as positive effect of prolongation of activity...

(E) -3- (dimethylamino) -1- (1H-indol-3-yl) prop-2-en-1-one (4) is an important intermediate in many biologically active compounds such as osimertinib. In this work, compound (4) was synthesized through three steps, using 1H-indole as starting material. The synthetic method of 4 was optimized and can...

Organic material is widely used for propagation of orchids, namely coconut water, extracts of tomatoes, bananas, bean sprouts and potatoes which can be added to certain media as a provider of nutrients, amino acid minerals, and growth regulators. This study aims to determine the effect of the concentration...

Spatial variability can be the main cause of uneven plant growth, but this has not received much attention in the field. Spatial variability in soil chemical properties (soil pH, P) can be calculated using a geostatistics approach. The main objective of this research was to make a predictive mapping...

The use of pesticides in agriculture has a negative effect on environment. Thus, environment-friendly fertilizers are needed to minimize the use of pesticides. The present study used seaweed liquid fertilizer (SLF) extracted from Sargassum sp., Gelidum sp., and Padina sp. to support the coastal agricultural...

Using carbon fiber (CF) as carriers and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as modifiers, nano zero valent iron (nZVI) was prepared and characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The effects of the different materials, the initial solution pH, and so on, were investigated....

Bed bugs infestation in the 1970s was considered disappeared, but since 2000s, re-emergence of bed bugs were reported from all over the world. The study of bed bugs infestation was carried in campus area of IPB University, Darmaga and its surrounding from October 2014 to February 2015. The study was...

Vigorous physical exercise that exceeds the limit of fatigue can increase the formation of free radicals that lead to oxidative stress. One of the biomarkers used to determine the presence of oxidative stress is the level of F2-isoprostane. This study aims to determine the differences in levels of F2-isoprostan...

Green Campaigns are used to expose any environmental issues to the societies and at the same time to give knowledge about the awareness of green behavior on the environment and will later lead to the intention of purchasing green products. However, as a report stated, 86% percent of the adult population...

The reduced area of agricultural land in West Sleman will affect the availability of food in the region. The decreasing availability of food will have an impact on the condition of the carrying capacity of the land, whether it will get better or worse. Based on these problems, a study was conducted to...

The research aims to find out the physical quality of laying hen eggs given Manihot esculenta extract using ingredients consisting of laying hens numbering 32 heads with the age of 1 year and for 5 weeks. The study used a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) of 4 treatments and 4 replays with observed parameters...

Productivity of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is influenced by various factors, one of which is ring spot disease caused by the fungus Leptosphaeria sacchari. Therefore, it is necessary to make efforts to suppress plant damage through Integrated Plant Disease Control so that proper monitoring information...

Carbon-neutral sustainable approaches are highly demanding in the coal energy sector. Coal mine effluent disposal is a severe challenge with crucial concern issues of salinity hazard and heavy metal contamination due to long-duration water and coal interaction. The medium to the high salinity of coal...

This research was motivated by the learning difficulties experienced by students in the Microbiology Subject that caused their learning competence to be relatively low. This research aims at describing the factors that caused learning difficulties experienced by UNP biology students in the Microbiology...

This study aims to identify the anatomical structure of petrified wood discovered in Samarinda, East Borneo. The material consists of a single piece of petrified wood, grey, and white—the ground thin-section technique prepared three-dimensional sections (transverse, tangential, and radial). Microscopic...

Vanda tricolor var. Suavis Lindl. form Merapi is one of the crucial Indonesian orchid species. Due to natural disasters or deforestation of their natural habitat, the population of this orchid continues to decline and is threatened to be extinct. Therefore, a strategy for mass propagation of this plant...

The International mandate for sustainable development has brought green governance to the forefront as a transformative approach to address environmental challenges through bio-based policies. This paper explores the critical gap in effective policy frameworks that support both ecological integrity and...

This study aims to determine the effect of Sarana Tani Utama (STU) fertilizer on the growth and production of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) cv. Taiwan is grown on a dairy farm in Sipora Jaya, Mentawai Islands. The study used a randomized block design with 5 treatments P0 = 100% fertilizer N,...

To provide scientific data of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and trnL-F sequences for the authentication of Pulsatilla chinesis(Bge.) Regel., we extracted the genome DNA from the leaves of Pulsatilla chinesis(Bge.) Regel., collected in Jilin Province, amplified the ITS and trnL-F region using...

Plant resistance can be induced with various secondary metabolites from vermicompost. Vermicompost has been known to have many advantages including containing a variety of secondary metabolites produced by earthworms. Polyphenols are a group of secondary metabolites needed by plants to form resistance...

Amylase is an enzyme that is used in various industries such as food, paper, and textile industries. Amylase can be produced by microorganisms through fermentation. Rhizopus oryzae is one of microorganisms that can produce amylase through fermentation. Tapioca solid waste has a good potential as a carbon...

The role of the PIC/S organization in the pharmaceutical industry was noted, the main aspects and place of inspection activities in the production of medicines were determined, the general classification of incompliances, as well as the main methods and tools for risk assessment were considered. An object...

Diethyl 2-(2-chloronicotinoyl)malonate 3 is a nitrogen-containing water-soluble carboxylic acid as an important intermediates of small molecule anticancer drugs. In this study, this paper explored a faster and celerity method to synthesize compound 3. By using 2-chloronicotinic acid as a kind of easily...

Body weight is an economically important trait of Ongole Grade (OG) cattle which should be genetically improved. To improve the body weight of OG cattle, their genetic parameters ought to be estimated inclusive heritability, breeding values and genetic correlations between traits. This research was aimed...

Duriangkang Reservoir is a reservoir located in Muka Kuning Village, Tanjung Piayu, Sei Beduk Subdistrict which was built in 1990 and operated in 2001. Duringkang has the main function as the main source of clean water for the people of Batam. This study aims to determine the parameters obtained by using...

Improving food security as well as reducing poverty and hunger is the most important challenges the world is facing during COVID-19 period. Indians are facing the same particularly, in eastern part where poverty and malnutrition is a big problem. Climate change has impacted productivity of crops and...

A study on the monitoring system of a photovoltaic (PV) power plant using low-cost Internet of Things (IoT) technology for monitoring electrical output (voltage and current) and environmental parameters (solar irradiance and cell temperature) to measure the performance of PV power plant has been realized....

This study aims to determine the relationship between oestrus character and the success of double dosage AI at the 2 and 8 h AI intervals in Madura cattle. The research was conducted in Lenteng, Sumenep Regency. The material used was 45 cows Madura cattle which were selected by purposive sampling. The...

The aims of this study is to describe the profile of the Sustainable Reserve Food Garden (SRFG) program in term of organization, capital, activities, and sustainability, and to analyze the relationship between organizational and capital aspects to the activities and sustainability of the SRFG program...

As a widely used clinical biomedicine for movement disorders and anti-wrinkle, in recent years, BoTN/A has emerged as a potential approach for treating refractory pain, especially migraine, diabetic pain, postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). In this study, we compared the analgesic effect of diverse administrations...

The adsorption capacities of heavy metals in biofilms have the potential advantage of high efficiency. More and more attention has been paid to the study of the adsorption of heavy metals in biofilms. This study designed four reactors to test the adsorption capacities of heavy metals in biofilms grown...

Jambolan (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels) is well known as a medicinal plant, this commodity is rich in compounds containing phenol and flavonoid that is able to medicate a lot of diseases, especially diabetes mellitus. This research aimed to investigate antidiabetic potential of jambolan fruit and seed...

To evaluate the effect of subcostal transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block on postoperative analgesia and short-term prognosis. Forty patients were divided into T and N groups. Ultrasound-guided bilateral subcostal TAP block was performed by injection of ropivacaine or normal saline using patient-controlled...

Objective: to discuss the effectiveness and safety of the ureteral stone in complicated ureteroscope of ureteroscope. Methods: in this study, 47 cases of ureteral calculi were treated by the ureteroscope of the ureteroscope, which was collected from February 2015 to February 2017. Results: in 47 cases,...

Therapeutic sulphide silt mud from Tambukan lake has been formed for a long period of time. Balneological value of silt mud from that specific lake is high because of high level of ferrous sulphides and water-soluble salts in it’s content, including recognized as therapeutically active bromine and boric...

The aim of this study is to analyze the conceptual understanding of food security of student higher education in Banten province. This research uses a descriptive method with a quantitative approach. The instrument used in this research is a test. This test was used to find out the understanding of the...

This research was conducted in 2017 at four forest-dependent villages of Kalimantan, Indonesia, which were traditionally migrated outside village looking for a job. This study aims to determine the impact of migration on the livelihood and agricultural land of forest-dependent farmers. The result showed...

Goat’s milk is processed into kefir with the hope of eliminating the smell of “strong, goaty odour” and extending the shelf life of goat’s milk. Kefir is a probiotic drink whose growth can be optimized with the addition of prebiotics in the form of “Bile” bananas. This study aimed to determine the effect...

Paitan (Tithonia diversifolia) and kelor (Moringa oleifera) leaves contain high crude protein, which can increase the protein content of the feed. This study aims to determine the role of pain leaf (Tithonia diversifolia) and kelor (Moringa oleifera) as a concentrate in vitro. Another feed ingredient...

This study aims to: (i) determine the distribution of Sulfur, Organic-C and Nitrogen nutrients in the rice fields, (ii) know the relationship between Sulfur, Organic-C and Nitrogen soil with rice fields; and, (iii) find out recommendations for giving organic fertilizers for rice crop in the downstream...

Nitrogen-containing 4-alkoxybenzaldehyde analogues as a kind of water-soluble aldehyde are important intermediates for small molecule anticancer drugs. A rapid and high yield synthetic method for nitrogen-containing 4- alkoxybenzaldehyde analogues was established in this work. The target compound was...

Mosquitoes live in accordance to physical and biological environment. The aim of this study was to find out the diversity of mosquito larvae. The study was conducted on September 29 to October 31, 2014. Data was collected in six types of sampling locations, which are forest sampling location near settlements,...

This research began with unsatisfactory biology learning outcomes. This is due to students having not mastered the subject matter, there needs to be a solution so that students get good learning outcomes. The inquiry learning model is used by adjusting the 2013 curriculum which gives students the opportunity...

The acidic wetlandsof 410,177 ha in Lampung are potentialfor food crops. The main characteristic of acid land is relatively low productivity for main food crops such as rice, corn, and soybeans. A study of agricultural technology innovations application with intercropping systems of rice-corn-soybean...

Cardamine hirsuta from the Family Brassicaceae is a potential plant that can be used as an object of comparative study with Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Plant comparative studies involving closely related species with similar traits are used to investigate the genetic pathways underlying morphological...

Indonesia’s marine and fisheries products are enormous. This potential certainly results in the production of catch and cultivation, which is so large and indirectly affects the processing activities. The amount of processing activity seen from the existing potential of 6,181,997.48 tons per year is...

Crosses between local cattle and pure Belgian Blue cattle often causes birth difficulty because the calf size is too large. In order to avoid this problem, crossbreeding is not conducted with pure Belgian Blue cattle, but with Belgian Blue crossbreeds. In order to support the crossbreeding program between...

Indonesia is the third largest cacao producer and exporter in the world after Ghana and Ivory Coast. Cadmium (Cd) is one of the metal elements that is often found contained in cacao plants which usually accumulates in cacao bean. Excessive accumulation of Cadmium (Cd) can cause harmful effects on soil,...

The development of medicine requires preclinical testing of experimental animals. One of the potential plants to be developed as a new medicinal source is Sumatran wild mangoes (Mangifera spp.) which are known to have immunomodulatory activity and higher antioxidant value than cultivated Mangifera. This...

Papaya leaves as feed addition contain saponins, which has function as defaunation agents in the rumen. However, the saponin content can cause a bitter taste that is disliked by livestock. This study aims to evaluate the addition of several papaya leaves levels to the multinutrient block (MNB) as feed...

Termite damage poses a significant challenge in Indonesian timber construction. This study examines the economic importance of wood by considering both termite resistance and cost-effectiveness. We evaluate the feeding preferences of Coptotermes curvignathus termites and the natural resistance of various...

This research aimed to determine the pH, water content, C-Organic, and C/N of goat manure-based compost fertilizer with the addition of water Hyacinth and Effective Microorganisms and determine which is good according to Minister of Agriculture Decree number 261/2019. The method used was an experimental...

Objective To compare the efficacy and complications between bipolar plasmakinetic resection of prostate and bipolar plasmakineticenucleation of prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH). Methods 303 cases of BPH were divided into 2 groups, 143 cases aged (73ñ13.4) yearswith prostate volume of (76.5ñ22.5)ml...

This article regards the problem topicality of goods traceability which State Veterinary Supervision controls within the territory of Russian Federation, this article regards the advantages of issuance electronic veterinary certificates by the Federal State Information System «Mercury». This article...

The adverse impact if SMEs do not improve their marketing strategy is the stagnation of sales. This study discussed the proper strategy of short-dated products. This discussion related to the formulation of problems, solutions and strategies which found that the main problem of these short-dated products...

Diffusion kurtosis imaging findings in delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning have seldom reported. We present a study of a 25 -year-old female with acute carbon monoxide poisoning by using conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI). Conventional...

Tert-butyl 4-formyl-3, 6-dihydropyridine-1(2H)-carboxylate(9) is an important intermediate for small molecule anticancer drugs. A rapid and high yield synthetic method for tert-butyl 4-formyl-3, 6-dihydropyridine-1(2H)-carboxylate was established in this work. The target compound was synthesized from...

This study aims to identify internal factors, namely strengths and weaknesses and external opportunities and threats in managing mangrove areas. Furthermore, identifying internal and external factors is mapped in SWOT Analysis (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threats) and AHP Analysis (Analysis Hierarchy...

Setting cropping patterns in the use of paddy fields is one of the important steps that determine the income, use and distribution of farmer’s labor. This research is a descriptive research which is carried out by utilizing secondary production data, cost analysis in Bogor Regency. Analysis using regression...

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Based on WHO data in 2011, it is estimated that more than 508,000 women worldwide died of breast cancer. In Indonesia, the prevalence of breast cancer is 26.5% of all cancer cases, in which become the second frequent cancer. To date, the treatments for...

This study was conducted with the aim of identifying secondary metabolite compounds and antibacterial activity of white pacing flower extract (Costus speciosus (J. Koenig) Sm.). Phytochemical screening tests are performed qualitatively and antibacterial activity tests are carried out by agar well diffusion...

Jiuquwan Reservoir is the only drinking water source supplied for Xunwu county residents. It is located in the middle reaches of Mati River belongs to the East River upstream tributary of the Pearl River basin. The ecological management projects of cyanobacteria bloom in Jiuquwan Reservoir was described....

Semen processing can reduce the motility and viability of the sperm. The focus of this research was to evaluate the shelflife of liquid semen which could still be used for insemination in thin tail sheep semen diluted with Egg Yolk Citrate and noni (Morinda citrifolia Linn) extract. Semen was collected...

Reaction of sugar beet seedlings to treatment of seeds with the chemical Zeroks® (high-colloidal solution) has been studied. The contact bactericide and fungicide Zeroks® (high-colloidal solution) in which silver nanoparticles are its active factor has been used to test growth regulation properties....

Indonesian communities have variety of local knowledge in managing natural resource that are formed form heredity. The threat of modernization that is not approporite with local culture causes degradation of local knowledge, including the Jawa ethnic community on the slopes of Mount Slamet. The purpose...

This research was conducted to compare the effect of feeding ration with concentrates containing Durio zibethinus seed flour and peel flour fermented by Pleurotus ostreatus on the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter as well as crude protein, crude fiber, and ether extract in lactating Fries...

Pectin is a polysaccharide present in fruit cell walls can be extracted from fruit wastes obtained after processing. The objective of the present investigation was to study the potential of citrus fruit peels to be a source of pectin as it is of great importance in food and medical industry. This study...

Nucleoside analogs have been shown to have mitochondrial toxicity. In vitro tests can evaluate the mechanisms and severity of the toxicity. Tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate (TDF) is a novel drug for type B hepatitis. In this study, HK-2 cells were used to evaluate the effect of TDF on mitochondrial toxicity...

Objective: to study the electronic soft ureter mirror joint qin laser lithotripsy in the treatment of renal calyx calculi under safety and effectiveness.Methods: our hospital in March 2016 - March 2017 electronic soft ureter mirror qin laser lithotripsy under 40 patients under the treatment of renal...

Mosquitoes are distributed worldwide in tropical and temperate regions. The abundance of mosquitoes, provides a significant level of risk in transmitting pathogens and nuisance to humans. The aims of this study were (1) to measure the abundance and dominance of outdoor mosquitoes during daytime and (2)...

The increased cancer burden globally, from 12.7 million new cases in 2008 to a predicted 22.2 million in 2030, makes cancer a critical global problem with high unmet medical needs. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide, and HCC is the third leading cause...

Edamame is food commodity that has high cultivation. Edamame can be grown in both highlands and lowlands. Edamame cultivation is limited by the low fertility based on the low content of soil organic matter, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), and availability of the N, P, and K nutrients. This research aims...

The environmentally friendly fertilizer is necessary for vegetable production that are safe for consumption and maintain soil fertility. This study aims to determine the effect of the composition of urea fertilizer and Mexican sunflower compost (MSC) on the production and quality of various basil accessions...

Horticultural products are agricultural commodities that have strategic value not only for farmers, but also for market players and consumers in Indonesia. In 2019, the GRDP of horticultural products in East Java reached IDR31.13 trillion. Compared to other districts in East Java, Malang District is...

In vivo and in vitro study were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of five storage methods (wood shaving, use of basket, wood ash, bamboo poles and storage on the floor) of sweet potato and their management. Diseased tubers of sweet potato were collected from the field trial. The fungus was isolated...

The research aimed is to assess the effect of the combination of Timor-Leste Native Grass (NG), Leucaena leucocephala (LL) and Corypa elata Robx (CR) on in vitro Dry Matter (DM) and Organic Matter (OM) digestibility. The NG, LL and CeR were collected from Balibo sub-district, Bobonaro district, Timor-Leste....