Advances in Biological Sciences Research

An efficient method has been established to induce adventitious buds regeneration from 3 kinds of explants (hypocotyl, cotyledon leaf and leaf) of Jatropha curcas L. All the explants were treated by high concentrations (5??"120 mg/L) of TDZ solution for different soak period (5??"80 min) with the regeneration...

A market economy characterized by existing of uncertainty and the possibility of choosing one or more development directions for the pharmaceutical market subjects causes risk situations. The reasons for their occurrence are usually the company affiliation, its size, form of ownership, legal status,...

Changes in the world are now entering the era of industrial revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0) where information technology has become the basis in human life. Based on the initial evaluation, Indonesia is estimated as a country with high potential in facing IR 4.0. Nevertheless, education 4.0 is a response to...

Land clearing through cutting and burning is often used as a method of agricultural land management. Still, it has an impact on land ecology, one of which is the impact on soil microorganisms and fungi. This land burning study is a simulation of shifting cultivation. This study aimed to determine the...

The livestock investment system, or Maro, is one form of investment in great demand. Maro is a livestock-rearing system in which owners entrust their livestock maintenance to others for profit sharing. However, many potential investors have difficulty finding breeders willing to cooperate. This research...

After mastitis therapy, using the right technology, it was necessary to break down the antibiotics in waste milk. Due to microbial activity, the microbiology approach as an anaerobic treatment presumably successfully removes antibiotic residues in milk. This study attempted to Eliminate Antibiotic Residue...

Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) combined with ultrasonic technology was employed to extract polysaccharide from hawthorn leaves in this study. The partition behaviors in different ATPS were investigated first, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 11.5% and (NH4)2SO4 14% were selected as the optimum solvent for...

To explore the optimum growth condition of cherry tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum), the cherry tomato was used to study the soil respiration and photosynthesis of leaves under greenhouse and outdoor condition with Lou soil and loessial soil during fruiting period in the year 2013 and 2014.The results...

Fungal rhizosphere plays a very important role for soil fertility. Its compositions effects plant growth and resistance to diseases. This study aims to explore and to identify the diversity of fungi from rice rhizosphere of Banten origins. In this report, we describe the diversity of fungi from paddy...

Agroforestry in Long Beluah Village can be developed to support welfare and maintain community economic stability. Agroforestry is one of the land management systems that can be offered to solve problems arising from food problems and at the same time provide socio-economic benefits to farmers. This...

Coffee is one of the plantation commodities that has an important role in economic activities in Indonesia. The important role of coffee in Indonesia’s economic activities are as a source of foreign exchange earnings, as a provider of employment, and as a source of income for coffee planters and other...

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease generated by dengue virus infection. The dengue virus is transmitted to the host by mosquito vectors. The main and secondary vectors are Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Dengue virus transmission is mediated by salivary gland proteins that facilitate the...

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) was used as an animal model to study the influence of isoflavone daidzein and daidzein metabolites, including dihydrodaidzein (DHD), O-desmethylangolensin (O-Dma) and equol, on lifespan in C. elegans at the concentration of 0.1 mmol/L. The results showed that equol...

In this paper, pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin were used to hydrolyze royal jelly water soluble proteins from Xinjiang Black Bee, and peptides with the molecular weight of more than 10kD, 3-10kD as well as less than 3 kD were obtained by using ultrafiltration. Through the determination of total antioxidant...

The present study investigated the ratio effects of dietary energy and protein on in situ rumen degradation kinetics of Ongole Crossbreed. Local feed consisting of dried cassava as energy source and palm kernel as protein source were used in the present study. Two dietary ratios of dried cassava and...

The Nidpur bed was discovered near Nidpur village, Sidhi District, Madhya Pradesh, India. The carbonized fossils of Nidpur beds comprise plant remains assignable to different groups of the plant kingdom like algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms. The gymnospermous remains often occur as detached...

The aim of this research was to address the impact of pre-slaughter handling and slaughtering process on animal welfare and changes of cattle behavior at local abattoir in Samarinda-Indonesia. To investigate the influence of pre-slaughter and slaughter procedures on stress levels and cattle behavioral...

Palm sugar is sugar from coconut sap in the form of crystals. The producers of palm sugar are mostly home industries that process sugar in a conventional way, using wood-fired stoves for thickening sap and the crystallization process is done manually. Improvements to the conventional method carried out...

Briquettes can be used as an alternative fuel to replace fuel oil. The method of making briquettes can be done in several ways, one of which is using the hydraulic system compression force method. The physical characteristics resulting from this method have advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, this...

The Peranakan Etawah (PE) Goat demonstrated potential as a commercial dairy goat in tropical regions susceptible to heat stress. However, information regarding milk production and udder-teat morphology in PE goats was limited. This study aims to characterize udder-teat morphology and evaluate its relationship...

Chinese traditional culture contains rich ecological philosophy thought. This paper focuses on the analysis of the ecological and environmental philosophy of "harmony between man and nature" in Chinese ancient Confucianism and Taoism. It is believed that the thought has important practical guiding function...

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum conditions i.e. pH and concentration of Rhodamin B and methanyl yellow using CCCR absorbent which is the result of synthesis by using the UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The method used was the adsorption method (Batch). Absorption of rhodamine B and methanyl...

For 45 days, research was conducted to evaluate the administration of probiotic Bacillus NP5 to increase growth, body composition, and feed efficiency on catfish (Clarias sp.). This research was carried out with 3 different treatment of Bacillus NP5 probiotic doses (0, 0.5 and 1% probiotic) and 3 replications....

The use liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) has been found to be effective as complimentary nutrients for solid organic fertilizer in organic vegetable production. The amendment of zinc (Zn) increased the activities of decomposing microbes to decompose solid organic fertilizer which eventually increased...

Utilizing of chlorine-based chemicals in pulp bleaching process causes environmental problem. Utilization of biological agents, such as enzymes for bleaching process is a wise measure to reduce the problem. One of the enzymes that play an important role in pulp bleaching process is xylanase. The previous...

The diversity of greenery species in oil palm plantations is a source of animal feed. The research aims to identify the type of forage as a source of animal feed in the area of oil palm plantations in Watubangga Subdistrict Kolaka Regency, conducted in April to June 2021 using survey methods and direct...

Chicken meat is highly nutritious but also easily damaged. The aim of this study was to evaluate the soaking chicken meat effect in bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) infusion. Total of 30 chicken meat samples were soaked with infused bay leaf (0% and 15%) for 30 minutes and different storage times (0, 2,...

The study aimed to determine the freeze-dried chemical and physical properties of northern Thailand medicinal rhizomes for potential use in food and pharmaceutical products. Those are Kaempferia parviflora, Alpinia galanga and Boesenbergia rotunda. Freeze-drying was chosen as an efficient method to preserve...

Common practice of irrigation water in Indonesia often lead to the utilization of different approaches and strategies resulted in the conflicts’ creation and resolution. Our take on irrigation water as common-pool resources brought us to the notion where conflicts could be mediated, and resolution would...

Kalimantan is one of the largest islands in Indonesia, rich in useful plants. People’s local knowledge in managing useful plants is valuable. Sungai Utik Village was one of the villages in Kalimantan where Dayak Iban people living near the forest and was one of the ecotourism destinations in Kapuas Hulu,...

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) is a vegetable plant from sub-tropical regions. The temperature range for the growth of cabbage is 15 - 24 oC with optimum humidity between 80–90%. The main obstacle in cultivating cabbage flowers in lowland dryland is the lack of water due to low rainfall. Water and soil...

East Kalimantan are able to produce dragon fruit throughout year, while, East Java are only in raining season. This fruit will be produced abundantly when the peak season comes and often becomes waste. To reduce this cellulosic waste from traditional market, we attempt to convert the dragon fruit waste...

Orthohepadnavirus hominoidei (formerly known as HBV) remains a significant global health concern, as chronic infection can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. One of the main challenges in treating this virus is that fragments of its DNA, once integrated into the host genome, remain...

Business of red chili was fragile resulting in uncertain and vulnerable supply chain. Once price fluctuation or crop failure, farmers could not buy production’s input, the next production of chili declined. Then, disrupted in chili supply chain occurred. The purpose of this study was to figure out the...

This study investigates the effect of varying thawing duration and temperature on the quality of cryopreserved river buffalo semen. A randomized group design with four treatments and ten replications was used, followed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) for significant...

PGR5 has always been known as a key factor of Heat response in plant testa. Recent studies show that PGR5 (proton gradentregulation 5) is a proton gradient regulatory protein, which transfers cycle electronic I encoding thylakoid membrane proteins and optical systems, and helps to induce pH heat dissipation....

Honey bees (Apis spp.) are social insects that possess unique gut microbiota community. There are three main phyla that dominate the honey bees gut microbiota; Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria in which several species among them belong to the lactic acid bacteria (LAB). In general, some...

Red chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a high-demand horticultural commodity in Indonesia but is vulnerable to quality deterioration. Postharvest treatment is needed to maintain the quality and extend the shelf life of red chilies. One of the promising preservation technologies to prolong the shelf-life...

Sargassum sp. is a non-consumable and underutilized seaweed that is considered waste, although it has the potential to provide secondary metabolites to ruminants. The purpose of this study was to see how different drying processes affected the secondary metabolite content of the seaweed Sargassum sp...

The aim of the work was to establish the level of steroid hormones in the blood serum of deep-pregnant cows and calves obtained from them and to establish correlations between hormonal and immunological parameters of the mothers and newborns. It was found that steroid hormones of the mother and the fetus...

Aketajawe Lolobata National Park has a variety of habitat types and diverse bird species. North Maluku is one of the EBA areas (Endemic Bird Area) because it has many endemic bird species. This research aims to describe the type of habitat, identify the species of Psittacidae bird, and utilize vegetation...

Climatic elements play important roles in the growth of plants. The aims of this study were to determine correlation and relationship between plant growth and climatic elements (rainfall, rainy days, temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation) in a secondary forest of Universiti Malaysia Sarawak...

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects the elderly. The global prevalence of PD is increasing year by year, causing serious harm to patients and families. PD is a complex mechanism resulting from the combined effects of multiple factors. This article reviews the pathogenesis...

The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of Valine supplementation in the diet on the growth performance and giblet weight of Native chicken at the starter phase. This experiment was conducted in Kefamenanu, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia, from June to July 2022. A total of five...

Plantation openings are to blame for Indonesia’s highest rates of forest loss. The goal of this study was to use the transect approach in Simbur Naik Village, Muara Sabak Timur District, Tanjung Jabung Timur Regency, “Jambi Province” to determine the diversity and density of herpetofauna in a coconut...

To activate cryptic secondary metabolic genes is a crucial issue in the search for new natural products from microorganisms. For this purpose, in the present study, a marine fungal strain Penicillium chrysogenum WP-1 was treated with dielectric barrier discharge plasma, chemical mutagens, and their combination....

Fucoidan is a complex sulfated polysaccharide mainly found in brown seaweed. It has been used in a wide range of applicationsacross different industries such as food additives, dietary supplements and pharmaceuticals. Studies have shown that fucoidan has numerous biological activities including anti-cancer,...

With the rapid development of economy in China, the demand of the society to the transportation industry is also increasing [1]. This has produced a large number of car greenhouse gas, causing serious damage to the environment. As a new development of clean energy industry, liquefied natural gas (LNG)...

Pollution of phenol compounds is a serious problem for the environment. Phenols are toxic and hazardous materials because they have high toxicity in water causing disturbance to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Biosorption is a simple and efficient method to solve the problems caused by phenol compounds....

Dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) is one of the most widely cultivated fruit plants in Indonesia. Along with the development of dragon fruit cultivation, farmers face the problem of increasing pest and disease attacks. Environmentally friendly disease control efforts can use natural enemies of plant...

3-(2-chloro-5-fluoropyrimidin-4-yl)-1-methyl-1H-indole is an important intermediate in many bioactive compounds, such as osimertinib. In this task, a new intermediate is synthesized (a fluorine attached to the pyrimidine ring). The compound is synthesized from commercially available 1H-indole through...

The growth of palm sugar production in Lebak Regency as the center of palm sugar in Banten Province continues to show a positive trend so that it is an important source of income for many households in Lebak Regency. The purpose of this study is to analyze the risk of palm sugar craftsman business which...

Micropropagation is an alternative method for producing pathogenic contamination-free shallots seedlings. The aim of this research was to determine the optimum balance of auxin-cytokinin and sucrose concentration in stimulating the plantlet regeneration on shallot. The research was conducted from March...

Wet noodles are often used as the main ingredient in making chicken noodles, which is one of the favorite foods like Indonesian. The process of making wet noodles without going through the drying stages makes the noodles easily damaged by microbial growth such as bacteria. This study evaluated the effect...

During the pandemic, restrictions to the use of science teaching laboratories and the number of students allowed for each practical class had an impact on teaching, education and research. The quality of laboratory practicals and supervision of experiments was effected. COVID - 19 led to a negative impact...

The existence of Cengklik Reservoir is used by the surrounding community for aquaculture using a floating net cage system. The floating net cage system is often in demand because it reduces the loss of fish when the reservoir volume changes so that it is easier to culture, but this system also has an...

The World Health Organization establishes the coronavirus COVID-19 as a pandemic in March 2020. The receptor-binding protein in Coronavirus will bind to ACE-2 found in the heart, lungs, kidneys, and digestive tract, facilitating the entry of the virus into cells target to infect its host. High infection...

The main problem with the Covid-19 pandemic is the emergence of medical waste which has increased drastically, such as from the use of disposable masks, gloves and personal protective equipment (PPE). The covid-19 pandemic has also caused changes in food consumption, which usually eats more at restaurants,...

Remote sensing has several capabilities to be used in agriculture, which plays a significant role in crop classification, crop monitoring and yield assessment. In Indonesia, use of remote sensing divided into 3 eras: non-satellite (1970s - 1981), transition (1982 - 2004), digital satellite (2005 - now)....

The application of sexing technology to separate X and Y spermatozoa is a strategic step to fulfill the beef demand in Indonesia. Current sexing methods like gradient density percoll, bovine serum albumin, and spectrophotometry did not have 100% accuracy to separate between X and Y spermatozoa. The molecular...

Food hygiene is carried out by controlling location, equipment, personnel, and food products factors that can cause health problems. One of the foodstuffs that quickly deteriorate so that it requires strict hygiene control is Hairtail fish. The “X” fish processing industry performs freezing to prevent...

Tilapia is unique in that it continues to play a significant role in rural aquaculture, helping to improve farmers’ livelihoods. The aim of this study was to calculate the distance between specified morphological characteristics of the Tilapia fish and to determine the inter-population morphometric variability...

This research aims at figuring out the digestibility value of the weaning tup Garut with rations Calliandra calothyrsus, Indigofera sp., and mixture as a concentrate substitution (in vivo). Six treatment of experimental rations were tested consisting of P0 (70% P. purpureum cv. Mott + 30% Concentrate),...

This research aimed to determine the effect of the additional inulin level as a carbohydrates source for the fermentation kinetics of the proteolytic lactic acid bacteria (LAB Pro 4). The fermentation kinetics were observed using growth charts of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) or LAB Pro 4 with inulin substrate...

The use of beneficial endophytic bacteria is an attractive strategy to control pathogens, improve plant growth and yield. The objectives this research were to investigate the effect of consortium application of endophytic bacteria on plant growth, grain yield, and to increase plant resistant to pathogens....

Mangroves are plants that can live in areas that have salinity and are influenced by tides. Kersik Village and Kampung Baru are areas that have mangrove ecosystems in them. One of the parameters is knowing the health condition of the mangrove ecosystem by analyzing the mangrove canopy cover. This research...

The article discusses the technology of obtaining phytosubstances using modern methods of extraction of medicinal plant materials: ultrasonic extraction, two-phase extraction. On the example of various types of plant materials, a comparative analysis was carried out and the advantages and disadvantages...

Seventy nine karst water samples were used to study the quality of groundwater in upstream of Junhe River. The main hydrochemical types were HCO3 type, HCO3⋅SO4 type, HCO3⋅Cl type and Cl type, and the HCO3 type occupied 58% of the total evaluation area. The sample points were grouped in the lower-left...

Culex quinquefasciatus is a vector of lymphatic filariasis caused by Whuchereria brancofti in Indonesia. Even though sterile insect technique has not been introduced to Indonesia yet, a strong emphasis is being placed on developing effective measures to suppress this vector and to prevent its transmission...

Pulau Rambut is a small island in Jakarta Bay that has been used as a breeding and roosting habitat for various waterbird species, especially the Ardeidae family. The study aimed at estimating Ardeidae family abundance and mapping the distribution of nest trees. The study was conducted in January-February...

Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri) is a tuber plant used in the industrial production of glucomannan. Porang can be cultivated with bulbil (katak tubers) and spontaneously harvested vegetatively. Under certain harvest and storage conditions, infected bulbils can reduce seed quality, viability, and growth....

To observationthe relationship between spinal inhibition of DNA methylation in electroacupuncture (EA) analgesia, and spinal cord Dnmt3amRNA expression. EA and inhibitors of 5-AZA Dnmt can improve CCI animals hyperalgesia state and decreased Dnmt3amRNA expression. DNA methylation is closely related to...

Mammography (MG) is the only proven modality to reduce mortality of breast cancer and has been shown to reduce mortality from breast cancer, and ultrasonography (US) is a well-known adjunct to screening MG. BI-RADS classification is actually practical and correlation with histopathology on the palpable...

4-(4-aminophenoxy)-N-propylpicoliamide 4 is an important intermediate for the synthesis of many biologically active compounds. The compound 4-(4-aminophenoxy)-N-propylpicolinamide was obtained by three simple steps to synthesis from picolinic acid. In this paper, three novel 3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole derivatives...

This research aims to build a system for the classification of papaya maturity level using Learning Vector Quantization. The classification process is done by the colour feature extraction value. Forty-five images consist of 30 images for training data and 15 images for test data were used. The images...

Land productivity and stability can be reduced due to damaged watershed systems and increased surface runoff and erosion in soil. Unsustainable land management is one of the factors affecting land degradation, most of the decreased quality of the land is caused by soil erosion. Implementations of land...

Temperature and humidity significantly influence productivity and animal welfare. Goat rearing, despite their generally heat-resistant nature, can be challenged by heat stress. The Benezera Coefficient of Adaptation (BCA) is a tool used to assess livestock's adaptive capabilities. This study evaluated...

This study aims at determining students’ misconceptions in the microbiology subject. The object of this study was the biology students at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas negeri Padang (UNP) who took the microbiology subject in 2018/2019 school year. The number of students...

The Covid-19 pandemic has turned out to be an opportunity for a recent noticeable increase in online purchase in Malaysia. Muslim consumer who concern about halal product were affected by this drastic purchasing trends. Although there is no evidence to support Muslim consumer to explore how they select...

Increased expression of genes encoding Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70) is one of the plant defense responses against UV-B stress. Synedrella nodiflora may be tolerant to relatively high UV-B intensity. The research has been conducted to compare expression levels of genes encoding cytosolic, mitochondrial,...

Swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is one of the potential animal livestock for meat production but is still not popular as meat compared to both cattle and goats. Buffalo farmers, especially in Malang Regency, mostly used buffalo for ploughing the rice fields with traditional care and unprogrammed breeding....

Cigarette smoke is a source of free radicals and a trigger for the production of free radicals in the body and has been proven to cause oxidative stress, especially in the lungs. Continuous oxidative stress, causes an inflammatory process and lung tissue damage, the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive...

Molecular genetic markers have been effectively used to analyze genetic relationships and diversity among different groups of dipterans. The emergence of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) facilitated analysis of molecular markers e.g., Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPD-PCR),...

Food waste is bad behaviour that is throwing away food that is still fit for consumption. While the world is facing the problem of food safety and malnutrition, on the other hand, the food waste produced is increasing. Does this also happen with vegetables and fruit commodities in Indonesia? This study...

To analyze the impact on the bioactive substances in germinated brown rice, this study employed germination methods and measured the content of bioactive components in rice under different germination conditions. The results showed that under salt conditions, total phenols, flavonoids, and GABA in germinated...

Sustainable development goal no. 12, to “ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns”, include a goal to reduce food waste at consumer level and food losses along the production and supply chains. For dairy, commonly referenced reasons are related to misunderstanding of spoilage before consuming...

Bacteria of the genus Propionibacteruim are the microorganisms with great biotechnological potential. The article deals with studies of biological properties of new propionic acid bacteria strains isolated from raw milk in different regions of Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. According to morphological...

Continuous biohydrogen production process by anaerobic fermentation of glucose was successfully started-up and the average hydrogen yield of 68.6 ml/g-carbohydrateremoved was obtained. When the feedstock converted into the mixture of food waste and glucose, the highest hydrogen yield of 77.4 ml-H2/g-VSremoved...

Main constraint of rice cultivation for staple food supply and national food security as sustainable agriculture indicator in Indonesia is reduced productive paddy’s fields because of land use changes for other agricultural commodities and non-agriculture land use. Aim of this paper to review some causative...

The purpose of this experiment is to explore the effects of different additives on the anaerobic fermentation of Caragana korshinskii Kom. with low moisture. The research of adding additives to the anaerobic fermentation test of C. korshinskii Kom results show that, adding cellulase alone significantly...

Mulberry plants have been cultivated for a long time ago. It is being grown for the supply of silkworms. Mulberry cultivation as a silkworms feeds in Indonesia increases because mulberry plants have many benefits, including leaves and fruit as animal feed, tea production, and pharmaceuticals. This study...

The demand for cultivated fish for public consumption has increased. One of the fish farming methods was a fish pond that is integrated with poultry, especially the types of fish that are easy to cultivate such as tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and catfish (Clarias sp.). The aim of this research was...

Smart agriculture will be essential for sustainable food production. Above all, the implementation of smart plant protection is highly expected as a way to protect crops from pests. However, for this purpose, it is necessary to collect a lot of experimental data, link it with various information, and...

Many studies have reported that the addition of bromelain enzyme and pineapple extract can increase the growth performance of broiler chickens. However, when the bromelain enzyme was applied to meat, it can digest proteins that cause cell damage. In this study, the addition of the bromelain enzyme with...

Indonesia continues to confront difficulties and barriers in obtaining halal certification because some unresponsible individuals continue to adulterate halal food by combining it with pork or fanged animals in order to increase their profits. Therefore, it is necessary for Halal Examining Institutions...

The activity of Chinese jatropha stem extract (J. multifida L.) was tested on S. frugiperda larvae to determine the percentage of mortality and fitness. The research was carried out in the pest and disease laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University from January to May 2020. The research...

The effects of minocycline on the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats were evaluated in this study. The diabetes rats with diabetic nephropathy (DN) were induced by STZ (55 mg/kg) injection. The experiment included 5 groups 1) normal, 2) normal plus...

4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)benzaldehyde (1) as a water-soluble aldehyde is an important intermediate for small molecule anticancer drugs. A rapid and high yield synthetic method for 4-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)benzaldehyde (1) was established in this work. The target compound was synthesized from the commercially...

The study aims to determine the effect of cow manure feeding at different levels on the growth of grass Pennisetum purpereum cv. Mott as fodder. The study used a randomized group design method (GDM) with 4 treatments and 5 replays which were then maintained for 60 days. The treatment applied, namely...

The construction of liver organoids that precisely recapitulate the intricate architecture and physiological functions of native liver tissue represents a pivotal research direction in biomedical engineering, offering a transformative technological platform for innovative drug development, precision...