Proceedings of the Workshop on Computation: Theory and Practice (WCTP 2025)

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Facial Expression and Physiological Analysis of Bluffing in Card Game Psychological Warfare

Authors
Hayato Nagasawa1, Kaoru Sumi1, *
1Future University Hakodate, Hakodate, Japan
*Corresponding author. Email: kaoru.sumi@acm.org
Corresponding Author
Kaoru Sumi
Available Online 30 April 2026.
DOI
10.2991/978-94-6239-638-8_18How to use a DOI?
Keywords
card games; psychological warfare; facial expression analysis; FACS; action units; bluffing
Abstract

Facial recognition technology has advanced rapidly, but existing emotion recognition tools assume natural expressions and may not function accurately in strategic situations such as bluffing. This study analyzed facial expressions and physiological responses during a card game involving psychological warfare, using Ekman’s Facial Action Coding System (FACS) to identify characteristic Action Unit (AU) patterns. Twelve participants played a bluffing-based card game while their facial expressions and physiological signals were recorded. After each match, participants completed an emotion and strategy questionnaire and annotated their recorded data. The results showed that during bluffing, negative expressions were rare, while smiles (AU12, lip-corner puller; AU6, cheek raiser) appeared frequently, suggesting the possibility of intentional fake laughter. Surprise and smiles often co-occurred in unexpected situations, and confusion was sometimes masked by laughter. Physiological data revealed increases in heart rate and electrodermal activity during bluffing, indicating discrepancies between external expressions and internal states. These findings provide insights into the multimodal detection of bluffing and contribute to the development of affective computing systems for strategic games.

Copyright
© 2026 The Author(s)
Open Access
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.

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Volume Title
Proceedings of the Workshop on Computation: Theory and Practice (WCTP 2025)
Series
Atlantis Highlights in Computer Sciences
Publication Date
30 April 2026
ISBN
978-94-6239-638-8
ISSN
2589-4900
DOI
10.2991/978-94-6239-638-8_18How to use a DOI?
Copyright
© 2026 The Author(s)
Open Access
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.

Cite this article

risenwbib
TY  - CONF
AU  - Hayato Nagasawa
AU  - Kaoru Sumi
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/04/30
TI  - Facial Expression and Physiological Analysis of Bluffing in Card Game Psychological Warfare
BT  - Proceedings of the  Workshop on Computation: Theory and Practice (WCTP 2025)
PB  - Atlantis Press
SP  - 369
EP  - 383
SN  - 2589-4900
UR  - https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6239-638-8_18
DO  - 10.2991/978-94-6239-638-8_18
ID  - Nagasawa2026
ER  -