Governing Intelligent Machines on the Farm Field: Legal and Regulatory Frameworks for Artificial Intelligence in Climate-Smart Agriculture — A Comparative Analysis of India, the European Union and the United States

DOI

10.2991/978-94-6239-791-0_30How to use a DOI?

Keywords

Artificial Intelligence; climate-smart agriculture; environmental law; data governance; EU AI Act; comparative regulation; product liability; India; precision agriculture; algorithmic governance

Abstract

The deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) is taking place in various arenas and climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is not an exception. AI in agriculture is used to measure precision in irrigation and monitor crops through satellite-based tools, AI-driven carbon sequestration tracking, and algorithmic advisory systems. The present legislative frameworks are inadequate for governing the AI tools and systems. This paper undertakes a systematic comparative analysis of how India, the European Union (EU), and the United States (US) currently regulate, or fail to regulate, AI systems deployed in agricultural contexts for climate adaptation and mitigation. The focus of the paper will be covering five domains which are environmental and climate law, data governance, liability frameworks, intellectual property, and AI-specific governance. European Union’s AI Act deals different tiers of AI systems, liabilities and duties of producers, developers and manufacturers. A revised Product Liability Directive (2024/2853), and Farm to Fork Strategy focuses on relationship between AI tools and agriculture. India operates through various policy platforms such as AgriStack, IndiaAI Mission etc., but are backed by limited binding safeguards. Voluntary industry self-regulation is the methodology followed by US such as Agriculture Data Transparent framework with a deregulated federal structure. The three main legal deficiencies are lack of the data governance of non-personal data of agriculture, allocation of liability in case any harm is caused and the inadequate integration of agricultural AI governance with international environmental and intellectual property obligations. The paper proposes an original Risk-Responsive Adaptive Governance Framework (RRAGF) which deals with regulation for AI tools, risk tiered classification of tools, data sovereignty, algorithmic fairness and transparency, open data interoperability, linkage to international environmental obligations, and adaptive governance mechanisms.

Copyright

© 2026 The Author(s)

Open Access

Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.

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TY  - CONF
AU  - Vibhuti Jaswal
AU  - Shefali Singh
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/09
TI  - Governing Intelligent Machines on the Farm Field: Legal and Regulatory Frameworks for Artificial Intelligence in Climate-Smart Agriculture — A Comparative Analysis of India, the European Union and the United States
BT  - Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Agro-Ecosystems (ICAIML-AE 2026)
PB  - Atlantis Press
SP  - 403
EP  - 418
SN  - 1951-6851
UR  - https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6239-791-0_30
DO  - 10.2991/978-94-6239-791-0_30
ID  - Jaswal2026
ER  -