Welcome to the Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Social Environment Diversity (ICOSEND 2025). Carrying the theme “Resilience and Sustainability in Coastal Cities: Addressing Environmental Disasters and Social Challenges,” this conference provided an important international platform for scholars, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to exchange ideas and share research findings related to environmental sustainability, social resilience, and sustainable development in coastal and urban contexts. The papers published in this volume reflect diverse perspectives and innovative approaches in understanding the relationships between environmental systems and social dynamics. We hope that these proceedings will serve not only as a valuable academic reference but also as a source of inspiration for future research, policy development, and practical applications.

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