Proceedings of the International Conference on Cross- Disciplinary Academic Research 2025 - Track 2 Advances in Business & Economics, Social Science, Communications & Media (ICAR-T2 2025)

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A Preliminary Assessment of The B40 Economic Well-Being Measurement Instrument: Validity, Reliability, and Normality Tests

Authors
Zaleha Muda1, Zuriani Ibhrim1, *, Suhaila Abdul Aziz2, Izzah Nur Aida Zur Raffar3
1Universiti Poly-Tech Malaysia, 56100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2Kolej Poly-Tech MARA, Bangi, Malaysia
3Universiti Teknologi MARA, Alor Gajah Branch, Melaka, Malaysia
*Corresponding author. Email: zuriani@uptm.edu.my
Corresponding Author
Zuriani Ibhrim
Available Online 20 June 2026.
DOI
10.2991/978-94-6239-715-6_4How to use a DOI?
Keywords
Economic Welfare; B40; Validity; Reliability; Normality; Non-Parametric Statistics
Abstract

This research introduces and tests a concise measurement tool designed to assess the economic well‑being of B40 households in the post‑COVID‑19 environment. The instrument encompasses three core constructs: Financial Well-Being (FWB), Daily Spending Pattern (DSP), and Basic Government Effectiveness (BGE). Expert evaluation confirmed content validity, while pilot data from 42 respondents demonstrated strong internal reliability. The Cronbach’s alpha values obtained were 0.94 (FWB), 0.78 (DSP), and 0.83 (BGE), indicating satisfactory to excellent consistency. Normality diagnostics using Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Shapiro–Wilk tests produced p-values below 0.05, supported by non‑Gaussian trends observed in Q‑Q plots and boxplots. Consequently, subsequent analyses employed non-parametric techniques. Overall, the pilot results verify the tool’s suitability for broader empirical use and its potential contribution to evidence-based policies addressing the economic conditions of low-income households.

Copyright
© 2026 The Author(s)
Open Access
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.

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Volume Title
Proceedings of the International Conference on Cross- Disciplinary Academic Research 2025 - Track 2 Advances in Business & Economics, Social Science, Communications & Media (ICAR-T2 2025)
Series
Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research
Publication Date
20 June 2026
ISBN
978-94-6239-715-6
ISSN
2352-5428
DOI
10.2991/978-94-6239-715-6_4How to use a DOI?
Copyright
© 2026 The Author(s)
Open Access
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.

Cite this article

risenwbib
TY  - CONF
AU  - Zaleha Muda
AU  - Zuriani Ibhrim
AU  - Suhaila Abdul Aziz
AU  - Izzah Nur Aida Zur Raffar
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/06/20
TI  - A Preliminary Assessment of The B40 Economic Well-Being Measurement Instrument: Validity, Reliability, and Normality Tests
BT  - Proceedings of the International Conference on Cross- Disciplinary Academic Research 2025 - Track 2 Advances in Business & Economics, Social Science, Communications & Media (ICAR-T2 2025)
PB  - Atlantis Press
SP  - 29
EP  - 40
SN  - 2352-5428
UR  - https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6239-715-6_4
DO  - 10.2991/978-94-6239-715-6_4
ID  - Muda2026
ER  -