The European Union’s Non-Compliance with Article IX of GATT 1994: Trade Barriers on Indonesian Steel Products in 2023

DOI

10.2991/978-94-6463-918-6_49How to use a DOI?

Keywords

European Union; Gatt 1994; Non-compliance

Abstract

This paper examines the European Union’s (EU) imposition of countervailing and anti-dumping duties on Indonesian steel products, which Indonesia has challenged at the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2023. As one of the world’s top five steel exporters, Indonesia perceives these measures as inconsistent with Article IX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994, which regulates trade practices under international law. The study applies Andrew T. Guzman’s Compliance Theory to assess the EU’s non-compliance and its implications for international trade relations. The research employs a qualitative approach using secondary data from WTO reports, EU trade policy documents, and academic literature. The findings reveal that EU measures not only undermine Indonesia’s export competitiveness but also erode the credibility of the EU’s adherence to multilateral trade rules. The paper argues that sanctions—both reputational and direct—play a crucial role in shaping compliance in international economic law.

Copyright

© 2025 The Author(s)

Open Access

Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.

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TY  - CONF
AU  - Angga Pratama Sebayang
AU  - Henny Saptatia Drajati Nugrahani
PY  - 2025
DA  - 2025/12/16
TI  - The European Union’s Non-Compliance with Article IX of GATT 1994: Trade Barriers on Indonesian Steel Products in 2023
BT  - Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Strategic and Global Studies 2025 ((ICSGS 2025)
PB  - Atlantis Press
SP  - 817
EP  - 822
SN  - 2667-128X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-918-6_49
DO  - 10.2991/978-94-6463-918-6_49
ID  - Sebayang2025
ER  -