Advances in Biological Sciences Research

-The functional composition of arthropods and population density of Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen larvae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) and natural enemies in different shade cocoa plantations play an important role in maintaining sustainability by using natural resources without damaging the environment....

This research was aim to identify the effectiveness of rice husk charcoal as a bioadsorbent in absorbing heavy metals Pb in freshwater snail meat (Pomacea sp). The main material used was adult fresh water snail with body weight of 80-120 g/head obtained from the swamp waters of Banjar Regency, South...

The purpose of this study was to determine of problems in biology learning at SMPN 15 Kerinci. The study was conducted in January 2019. This type of research is quasi experimental research. The population was students in grade of SMPN 15 Kerinci registered in academic year 2018/2019. For the sample because...

Xylanase is an enzyme that can degrade xylan into xylooligosaccharides by cleaving to 1, 4-β-D-xylosidic bonds and has high potential in industrial applications. In the previous study, recombinant Pichia pastoris via pPICZ-alpha vector has been constructed, and the yeast produced xylanase originally...

This study aimed to determine the effect of protein protection to increase ruminant feed protein efficiency in vitro. The benefit of making this protected protein is that it can provide information to farmers that the provision of protein can be more efficient. The material used as protein protection...

The aim of the paper was to study the effects of Polyphenolic extract from involucres of Castanea mollissima Blume (PICB) on IEC-6 cell proliferation and growth and antioxidant status. The IEC-6 heat stress model was established and IEC-6 cells of control group and heat stress group were treated with...

Bone tumor belongs to a tumor among human skeletons or skeleton affiliated groups. It is the result of cytogenetic material abnormal expression, which is same as other tumors. Bone tumor belongs to a common disease. In recent decades, research on bone tumor clinical diagnosis is rapidly developed, which...

This study was aimed at finding out the histology description and histomorphometry of uterine Gayo mare. The samples were collected from three Gayo mares in Takengon, Central Aceh. The uterine samples were processed by microtechnique and stained with hematoxylin-eosin before examined under a binocular...

Moler disease of shallot (MDS) or basal plate rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. capae (Foce) is an important disease on shallot. In low land such Brebes Central Java where is one of the center production of shallots in Indonesia, the disease is the most important and harmful. The specific symptom...

Goat farming produced environmental pollution from livestock waste. On the other hand, the waste has economic value after being processed into compost. The farmers should not only be able to grow the goat but also process the waste into compost. The study aimed to analyze the influence of duration being...

This study aimed to determine the correlation between ratio of purine derivative:creatinine concentrations by spot sampling method with total urinary excretion of purine derivative (PD) in Garut rams and ewes, as well as knowing the right sampling time to predict microbial protein synthesis in Garut...

Methane yield (MY) in dairy cows was influenced by the cow breed used. However, the prediction of MY from previous studies has yet to use a specific breed of cow. This study analyzed the relationship between methane emissions per unit of dry matter intake (methane yield) based on volatile fatty acids...

Seaweed is one of the country's foreign exchange sources and a source of income for coastal communities. Besides being able to be used as an ingredient food, drink and medicine. This study aims to analyze the income and feasibility of seaweed farming in coastal communities in Bulukumba Regency....

This research aims to find out farmers’ preferences for the use of superior rice varieties in Jatitengah Village, Jatitujuh District, Majalengka Regency and to know the correlation between farmers’ decisions regarding preferences for using superior rice varieties in Jatitengah Village, Jatitujuh District,...

The ratio index finger length (2D) to ring finger length (4D) or digit ratio 2D:4D is a trait of sexual dimorphism. The prenatal testosterone influences the digit ratio 2D:4D since the growth of the fetus in the womb. High levels of prenatal testosterone will affect the development of finger which is...

Multidrug resistance tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a form of tuberculosis bacterial resistance to at least two first-line anti-TB treatments, isoniazid and rifampicin, the two most effective TB medications. Treatment of Drug Resistant TB is set to be part of the national TB Control program. MDR-TB cases continue...

the purpose of the present study was a comparative study of the ability of some freons to extract the essential oil of the roots of C. longa L. and to provide optimal conditions for its analy-sis. The dried, crushed roots of C. longa L. were used as raw materials (country of origin - Uganda). Methoxynonafluorobu-tane...

Indonesia has an abundant production of fruits and vegetables that can satisfy the demands of domestic and export markets. One of the most serious problems in fruit exports is the damage and contamination caused by fruit fly attacks to horticultural produce. Taiwan government rejects 13 types of fruit...

The requirement for HAS-23000 is an obligation for all companies that have obtained halal product certification by LPPOM MUI. The purpose of this application is to ensure that work procedures are maintained as part of completing the criteria and procedures for handling halal products. Milkfish satay...

Endophytic bacteria are bacteria that live in plant tissue without destroying the host plant. The presence of endophytic bacteria in plant tissue can produce phytohormones to stimulate growth and increase plant resistance to disease. The purpose of this study is to identify endophytic bacteria from the...

The focus of this research was the development of papaya peel flour as a filler in beef sausages. Using papaya peel flour as an additional ingredient in beef sausages can increase the added value of agro-industrial waste. This research aimed was to evaluate the quality of beef sausages with the addition...

The effect of adding Mahogany leaves as a source of tannins in feed on nutrient intake and digestibility in merino sheep was determined in this study. This study used 12 male sheep with an average body weight of 30 to 35 kg. They were confined in individual cages and given feed two times a day. To separate...

A heme-histidine-sodium decyl sulfate nano micelles complex with peroxidase activity (MAP) was constructed self-assembly and immobilized on a hydroxy fullerene modified glassy carbon electrode. The cyclic voltammograms of the modified electrode with a pair of redox peaks were investigated. The formal...

Melanin is a major pigment of human skin that protects the skin from harmful ultraviolet radiation, DNA damage and oxidative stress. However, the excess accumulation of melanin may lead to various hyperpigmentation-related diseases. Tyrosinase is a copper containing enzyme that regulates the rate-limiting...

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the therapeutic potential of natural products derived from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.). Mangosteen, a tropical fruit native to Southeast Asia, has long been valued for its medicinal properties. The review focuses on the isolation and characterization...

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of using soybean oil calcium soap (CaS-soy) in the ration on the Ettawa crossbreed feed consumption performance. This study used 4 lactating Ettawa crossbreed goats from Southeast Sulawesi with weight ranging from 24-33 kg. The experimental design used was...

Vitex negundo and Calotropis gigantea are plants that produce secondary metabolites which are used as defense compounds against insect pests and pathogens. This study aimed to study the toxicity of the extracts of V. negundo and C. gigantea to Spodoptera frugiperda. Toxicity was tested using the leaf...

The research purposes were to analyze land use’s effect on soil physical properties and measure several lands’ soil quality index in the Bulili plateau. Its conducted on three types of land use consisted of a mixed plantation, maize plantation, and forest. Soil sampling at each type of land use was carried...

The toxic chemical fungicides for plant disease control has been used by farmers for years. Those are faced hazardous effect to the surrounding environment, and the chemicals were toxic chemical residue remained in rice products which harmful to the consumers. It is increasing interested to search the...

In order to evaluate the status and change tendency of soil nutrients during fallow period in Minqin Lvzhou Irrigation area, different treatment of field management measures and irrigation scheme were designed to determine the soil nutrient status and main component contents in the fallow period of wheat...

The historical impact of newer technologies in agriculture has been to increase the supply of food and fiber by increasing output per unit of input. Increases in market supply of food and fiber, net of demand changes, result in lower prices. Generally, this has been good for society in terms of meeting...

This experiment was conducted to assess the effects of bamboo leaf extract (BLE) supplementation on heterophil, lymphocyte, and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio of broiler chickens. A total of 90 one-day-old Cobb broilers were randomly allocated to 5 treatments with 3 replicates of 6 broilers each. The...

3-Butyryloxy-16-(β-naphthylmethylene)-5α-androstane-17-one, a novel androstanone derivative, was synthesized by aldol condensation between epiandrosterone and β-naphthaldehyde and subsequent esterification reaction. The structure of the new product was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, UV and mass...

1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) is an rate-determing enzyme in carotenoid biosynthesis. Here, the Brassica oleracea var. capitata DXS (BocDXS) gene sequences were obtained from Brassica database (BRAD), and preformed for bioinformatics analysis. The BocDXS1, BocDXS2 and BocDXS3 genes mapped...

Objective: To investigate the treatment effect of the early operation on the post- necrotizing enterocolitis intestinal obstruction. Methods: A retrospective analysis of our Hospital in recent 8 years, neonatal and pediatric surgery in the diagnosis and treatment of the post- necrotizing enterocolitis...

Bitter (Andrographis paniculata Nees.) used to prevention of various diseases, such as anticancer, anti- inflammatory, and antifertility. Ones of the bitter content is Andrographolide. It has antimitotic agent couse decreased of mitotic cells. The aimed of this research to determine the effects of Bitter...

The use of probiotics as feed additives in farms has been widely known both at a small and large scale. As a substitute for the Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP) that has been banned for animal feed, probiotics are used in broilers feeds to improve their performance. Campylobacter jejuni is a type of...

Sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra) has a prospect of being one of the nutritious ingredients because it contains complete nutrients, including carbohydrates, essential fatty acids and amino acids, as well as several bioactive components that are believed to have functions as antioxidants, antibacterial,...

Upeneus molucensis is seawater fishes that are consumed by many people so it leaves a lot of waste (including scales and thornss). On the other hand, the utilization of fish waste is still not much. Whereas, waste contains a lot of amino acids, protein, Calcium and Phosphorus. This study analyzed amino...

Rice production in South Kalimantan experienced diminishment in recent years. One of the problems that created this issue was the decline of soil fertility. Application of synthetic fertilizers in a long term would decline the soil fertility and subsequently diminished the productivity of rice field....

Cinnamomum zeylanicum is an antioxidant-rich plant, according to numerous research. In this investigation, glutathione (GSH) levels in mouse liver will be compared to those of a crude extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Mus musculus L.). This research project is an experiment. For a period of four weeks,...

Indonesia is a country that has high potential in biodiversity, especially in the marine areas. As the primary producer of marine ecosystems, macroalgae provide food for many species. Macroalgae have very varied structures but are generally divided into three groups based on their color of thallus i.e....

Bacterial cellulose (BC) shows good potentiality as active packaging material. However, bacterial cellulose itself has no antimicrobial activity to prevent microbial contamination. To achieve antimicrobial activity, -poly lysine ( -PL) was incorporated into BC by immersing BC in -PL solution. Investigations...

Aim of this study is validation of quantitative determination methods for Fexofenadine hydrochloride, Cyanocobalamine in separate ophthalmological dosage forms using UV-spectrophotometry instrumentation. Assay tests of the studied ophthalmological dosage forms were carried out using the APIs and reagents...

A Mesh hernia graft is needed to prevent recurrent hernias. This study aimed to observe the biocompatibility of hernia mesh graft as an alternative material for handling hernia cases via surgery for small animals. This study used 6 male rabbits aged 6-8 months and weighted 1.5-2 kg which were divided...

Effect of Triclisia subcordata oliv aqueous leaf extract on reproductive hormones and haematological profiles of mifepristone threatened pregnancy in Wistar rats was investigated. Sexually matured rats comprising of 80 male and 80 female rats (150-220g) were purchased and paired up for reproduction after...

Inhibition of ACC Oxidase Activity of Mango by Modified Atmosphere Storage is aimed to extend the storage life were carried out at Food Technology Laboratory, University of Mataram from by using Completely Randomized Design and continued with Least Significant Different at five percent significance level....

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is produce extracellularly by acetic acid bacteria through oxidative fermentation. Utilization of waste water of palm flour industry as a medium for bacterial cellulose production is a new breakthrough, because the palm flour industry is quite large in Banten and an effort to...

This study is about agro-ecotourism in the northern coastal area of East Java with the aim of 1) describing the potential of agro-ecotourism owned by tourist attraction in the northern coastal area of ​​East Java, 2) analyzing the role of coastal communities for the development of ecotourism potential...

The Sancang Beach is overgrown by various types of seagrass, algae, coral reefs, and mangroves so it has the potential for the life of marine biota, including the Echinoderms phylum. This research aims to describe the diversity of the Echinoderms phylum in Sancang Beach, Garut District. This research...

This study aims to examine the influence of feed heating on the volatile fatty acid (VFA), microbial protein, and ammonia concentrations in rumen fluid. The feed ingredients are a carbohydrate supply (corn), and a protein source (soybean meal) added to the basal ration through lactic acid bacteria fermentation....

Calcium, as the second messenger inside plants, is extensively involved in plant response and transduction of various stress signals. Plants shall generate calcium signals of specificity under stress, and this shall give a rise to a series of intracellular physiological and biochemical responses. Calcium...

Fermentation is an important process in determining the quality of cocoa beans. Therefore, studies to determine the rate of fermentation of cocoa beans non-destructively and rapidly are needed. This study aimed to develop a robust model using Vis-NIR and PLS-DA to differentiate cocoa bean samples with...

Chlorpyrifos a widely used organophosphate pesticide poses significant environmental hazards due to its persistence, toxicity and efficiency in contaminating soil and water resources. The urgent need for effective remediation strategies has led to increased interest in microbial bioremediation which...

The objective of this study was to determine the farmers’ motives in raising Ettawa crossbreed goats in Purworejo. The method used in this study was a survey, Criteria used in sampling were farmers who still maintain goats and joined in the animal collective housing as well as group member that still...

The study aimed to identify the potential and develop a strategy for developing the beef cattle sector in South Kalimantan by maximizing the use of local resources. A mix of survey techniques, focus group discussions, and literature reviews were used to carry out the study. The potential analysis comprises...

76% Yield of levulinic acid was obtained from fructose conversion catalyzed by acidic ionic liquid in water. The chemical structures and morphologies of humin byproduct were investigated, indicating three stages of transition for the first time. At the early stage, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) intermediate...

Edible film is a thin and transparent plastic made from edible materials and protects material from damage due to the environment and microorganisms disaster. Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of polymer which potentially used as raw material of edible films. PLA is a very fragile nature material, so it necessary...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the egg yolk addition and storage time on the motility and fertility of Kampung rooster spermatozoa. A completely randomized design with a 3x2 factorial pattern was used in this study. E factor is the addition of egg yolk into skim milk. (E1 = skim milk + egg yolk...

The treatment of malignant bone tumors has been maturely developed, while neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and wide resection have been widely promoted. Limb salvage technique has become a classical method to treat the malignant bone tumors of extremities. Domestic treatment of bone tumors has made much progress...

Rubus parvifolius L. and R. coreanus Miq. are two morphologically distinct, endemic wild brambles and sympatric in China. Genetic diversity and genetic structure of the two species and their putative hybrids were investigated by using 10 SSR markers selected from 31 markers. A total of 98 alleles were...

Bactrocera carambolae, commonly known as the fruit fly, has been reported as a prominent pest for fruits and vegetables around the world. It has been recorded to infect hosts from a wide range of families and was shown to spread worldwide including Indonesia. The identification of species is needed such...

Ethnobotany is interdisciplinary study of human and plants practical use. The study was conducted in Bulu Mario Village in Sipirok District, South Tapanuli. Bulu Mario Village is directly contiguous to the Sibual-Buali wildlife sanctuary. It has an area of about 3000 ha inhabited by 53 householders with...

Mungkus Fish (Sicyopterus sp.) is Gobiid fish inhabiting fast flowing and good quality river in Bengkulu Province. Today, it is rare to find Mungkus fish in the river. One of the extinction threats is the decline of water quality. This research was aimed to measure abiotic factor like chemical and physical...

The lack of young farmers is one factor that inhibits the development of the agriculture sector in Indonesia. The number of older farmers is increasing, while the younger ones are decreasing [1]. John Deere and Mercy Corps Indonesia initiated the POWER 2 program, which focuses on assisting young farmers...

The angiotensin-converting enzyme, ACE1, is one of enzymes important to blood pressure modulation. The inhibition of protein responsible for blood pressure regulation, the angiotensin-converting enzyme, ACE1, is considered as a method to alleviate the hypertension condition Ashitaba plant might be potent...

The effects of supplementation with different protein sources on intake, digestibility and semen characteristics of Donggala bulls fed corn stover and rice bran were assessed. Four Donggala bulls were used, with initial average weight 425 ± 5.9 kg. The experiment consisted of 4 experimental periods,...

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with soybean meal (which is known to have high nutritional value) and jackfruit leaves (which are abundant resources) on nutrient intake and digestibility in sheep. For that purpose, 12 female thin-tailed sheep (age = 1.5 years old; body...

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the biggest commodities in Indonesia. Rice is cultivated in monoculture, so it affects the diversity of insects present in rice fields. The purpose of this research is to study the diversity of insect present at different ‘IR 64’ rice growth stages including seedling...

Production of lignocellulosic biomass is routinely generated by agro-industrial activities in Indonesia. Those materials are disposed of in the environment without any treatment leading to serious environmental pollution problems. These agricultural wastes can be potentially bio converted into edible...

The carrying capacity of rice plants to meet national food demand is inseparable from effective and efficient cultivation techniques. The need of rice plants for fertilizer is a recurring problem, due to the farmers’ tendency to apply fertilizer, especially urea, at the excessive doses. Balanced fertilizer...

Liquid culture of seleniferous mycelia of Pleurotus geesteranus Singer (SeMyc-P) was evaluated for its acute toxicity in supplement application and antioxidant against D-galactose induced oxidation damaged mice. Maximum Tolerant Dose (MTD) of SeMyc-P was about 20g/kg bw for mice to define safety application...

Papilloma was a proliferative neoplasm which benign typically that affecting nearly all animal species. This study aimed to observed changes in the papilloma in cattle based on macroscopic and microscopic to determine the difference between the two samples. The sample used was papilloma which was suspected...

Nowadays, the search for potential probiotics from lactic acid bacteria continues to develop exclusively for pharmaceutical applications. This study aimed at evaluating the potency of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from fermented brine of romaine lettuce as next-generation probiotics. The study...

Cooking oil is an important food ingredient for people in Indonesia. However, the issue of sustainable palm cooking oil has not been fully understood by consumers. In fact, the sustainability of palm oil is not only the responsibility of producers but also consumers. The purpose of this study was to...

Drying is a widely used method to extend the shelf life of Gouda cheese, which is prone to microbial growth due to its high moisture and protein content. This study aimed to evaluate the microbial content of Gouda cheese dried using different drying methods and drying time. The 2x2 factorial design was...

The demand for corn is increasing every year; therefore, increasing the productivity of corn is crucial. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are microbes that can promote plant growth from the beginning of the germination process. The germination process is the initial point of plant growth and development,...

In this paper, a set of experiments scanning real potential variations inside cavities under current control were employed to characterize local electrochemical information. The limiting diffusion current and the critical currents sustaining the supersaturation of dissolved gas and completed oxide film-formation...

Early blight (Alternaria solani) is a potential disease of tomato that reduces its production globally both in conventional and tunnel cultivations. Due to variability in pathogenic isolates, prolonged active disease cycle phase and broad host range early blight is very difficult to manage. 8 microorganisms...

Walur had high starch content and was potentially used as an alternative food ingredient. Walur starch was not heat resistant, making it difficult to be used in the food industry which requires high temperatures during processing. These limitations could be overcome by a modification process so that...

The low availability of phosphate is due to fixation by Al and Fe at acid pH, making it unavailable to plants. These problems can be overcome through the utilization of soil microbes and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) that can associate with corn plants. This study aims to determine the effect of...

The Balb/c 3T3 cell transformation assay (CTA) is presently undergoing extensive pre-validation testing but its potential for routine chemical screening remains to be fully exploited due it being more costly and more time consuming than other CTAs. To downscale the assay 24-well plates were used to score...

This paper presents a method of blink artifact removal of single lead EEG signal. After a wavelet transform signal singularity points are detected and modulus maxima values of wavelet transform are applied to find peaks of blink artifacts. By using Hilbert transform instantaneous frequency is obtained....

One of the causes of failure in the Forest and Land Rehabilitation (FLR) activities in Bengkulu Province is due to lack of use of prospective local plants. In addition, it is also due to the low participation, capacity and awareness of the community as well as related parties (especially regional stakeholders)...

Comorbidity between diabetic mellitus (DM) and tuberculosis (TB) can raise the incidence of the other. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (plasma HbA1C level > 7.0%) and five additional risk factors were discovered to have an impact on the failure of TB treatment. This study aims to identify the relationship...

Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) has become a popular alternative available to shoppers looking for local, seasonal produce at a fair price. The numbers of farms offering a CSA has increased in recent years, from an estimated 60 farms in 1990 to over 7,000 today. From the farmers’ perspective, the...

The widespread impact of the coronavirus or COVID pandemic since 2019 has down to classrooms where face-to-face learning happens are held between teachers and students, in terms of delivering learning information. Mostly, face-to-face learning is replaced by virtual learning, by relying on information...

This study aimed to determine the effect of different feeding methods on feed intake, milk production, and milk quality of lactating Holstein-Friesian (HF) cows. The materials used in this study were 16 lactating cows (2nd–3rd) with the bodyweight of 550-650 kg, which were divided into 2 treatments based...

This research aimed to assess how secondary compounds found in Dillenia wood could enhance the wood’s ability to resist white rot fungi (Trametes versicolor). The research methodology involved extracting these compounds using acetone and methanol, followed by a fractionation process. The study’s findings...

Walsh-Hadamard spectrum is widely used in the field of science and technology like classification of cancer cells, image processing, speech processing, signal and image compression etc. In this paper, a genomic analysis using Walsh-Hadamard spectrum and cross-correlation has been done. Transformation...

This study tried to confirm whether there is an effect of milk somatic cell count (SCC) levels on total protein, albumin, and globulin levels in plasma of dairy cows. A total of 18 Friesian Holstein cows in transition were included in this study, divided into three groups based on their milk SCC levels,...

Heat is used in many ways including in food processing. Heating methods are first used after the invention of electricity, include ohmic heating. This paper is written to review ohmic heating thoroughly in food industry, including the brief history, principle and its application. Ohmic heating is a development...

The objective of this research was to evaluate four diets that were applied in lactating dairy cows. The diests were forage and rice bran (RB), forage and a combination of fermented cassava (1.7kg/d) and C. xanthorhiza liquid (0.7kg/d) (FCC), forage and Tabut block (6 blocks/d) (TB), and forage and lactating...

Katingan cattle in Central Kalimantan is unique and they were kept only by Dayak community. Local people (Dayak) were often mentioned by the name of the local cattle, but some of call it is Itah cattle or Helu cattle (ancient cattle). Portrait information of Katingan Cattle were obtained through interviews...

National corn production continues significantly increased, ranging from 9,347,192 tons to 19,611,704 tons. The highest corn production in East Java Province with an average production of 3,525,913.467 tons with productivity of 4.112 tons/ha. Meanwhile, the average corn production in Banten Province...

Concern over mercury cytotoxicity inside live specimens has encouraged the development of efficient methods for the in vivo detection of this heavy metal. In this study, by using the previous developed fluorescence dye EPNP (2,6-bis-(4'-peperazino-N'-butyl-1',8'-naphthalimide) dimethylpyridine) as a...

We compared antioxidant activity and biological compounds of ginseng root extractions between ultrasound (US) and microwave extraction (ME). The maximum total ginsenoside content of ginseng root extraction was 27.53mg/g under the ultrasound conditions of 60?"? for 2h (50 kHz, powder 250W). It was higher...

Forest honey is one of the Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) produced from Apis dorsata. The existence of Apis is very closely related to the condition of the forest environment. In the Forest Environment A. dorsata has a role in helping to pollinate various plants which are also habitat for them such...

An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants was carried out among Minangkabau tribe in NagariTuoPariangan, West Sumatera. The survey was carried out to gather information on the use of medicinal plants in order to learn about traditional knowledge of NagariTuoPariangan community. Semi-structured interview...

Prior to the novel coronavirus, the subtype H5N1 that emerged in Asia in 2003 and hit Indonesia from 2005 to 2010 has created fears with the public. Attention has not only been detections of domestic fowls but pigeons as well. This study aimed to detect the specific antibody to the avian influenza virus...