Welcome to the Proceedings of the 9th Terengganu International Business and Economics Conference 2025 (TiBEC IX 2025). TiBEC IX gathers scholars, industry experts, policymakers, and students to share insights and explore innovations that will shape the future of economic development and sustainable business practices. In an era characterized by digital transformation, evolving global markets, and the need for responsible growth, TiBEC IX is a hub for exploring emerging trends and discussing practical strategies for resilience and inclusivity. TiBEC IX emphasizes sustainable, inclusive, and data-driven economic policy and business management approaches in an interconnected world.

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