All of the articles in this proceedings volume have been presented at the UUMILC 2025 during 22-23 October 2025 in hybrid form. These articles have been peer reviewed by reviewers assigned by the two Committees, the International Editorial Committee and the Conference Paper Publication and Parallel Sessions...

This study aims to analyze the implementation of legal protection for workers in the Makassar Industrial Area (KIMA), with a focus on identifying factors that influence the effectiveness of legal protection and providing recommendations for improvement. This study aims to analyze in depth how legal protection...

The swift advancement of synthetic biology, gene editing, and biotechnology presents unparalleled challenges to global biosecurity. As dual-use research and powerful biotechnological tools become more accessible beyond traditional scientific institutions, the risk of unintentional release or intentional...

The protection of child victims of sexual violence is a crucial issue in the juvenile criminal justice system, which requires a more ethical, restorative, and child-friendly approach based on children’s rights, ethics, and policy innovation. This research discusses and compares child-friendly approaches...

The protection of at-risk youth has become a pressing concern in many developing nations, including Malaysia, due to the increasing complexity of challenges faced by adolescents. These challenges are not merely individual but are shaped by broader socio-economic, legal, and cultural dynamics. At-risk...

This article examines the constitutional distinction in regional planning law between general local government regulation in Indonesia and the unique regulatory framework. Article 18 of the Constitution affirms the existence of regional governments within the unitary state system, with the authority...

This study highlights the legal validity of smart chip payment cards operating under the EMV standard, which is no longer merely a technological innovation but has become a pivotal shift in how liability and evidence are handled in bank transactions. The technological features EMV cards provide — such...

Climate disasters are occurring with increasing frequency and severity, underscoring that current global plans and actions are ineffective at addressing the crisis. This situation demands a holistic approach and transformative efforts to reduce climate risks and ensure environmental sustainability for...

The enactment of the Companies Act, 2013 (the Act) caused a paradigm shift in the dynamics of corporate governance and regulation. The Act mandated that certain companies spend 2% of their average net profits over the past three years on CSR activities as enumerated in its Seventh Schedule. The shift...

This study critically examines the constitutional antinomy that has emerged within Indonesia’s governance framework concerning the role and normative authority of state directive principles. These principles, which once provided a cohesive, long-term national trajectory through instruments such as the...

This article reflects on the legal and ethical use of artificial intelligence systems by sketching out models drawn from real-world concerns: how personal data is handled, how responsibility for harm might be assigned, and whether AI could – or should – be treated as a legal actor. Rather than aiming...

The rapid expansion of fintech lending services in Southeast Asia has transformed access to credit, especially for underserved communities. However, this innovation also brings significant legal and social challenges, concerning consumer protection, data privacy, and abusive debt collection practices....

Refugee and asylum seeker conflicts in Southeast Asia, particularly in Malaysia and Indonesia, have become a pressing issue due to ongoing conflicts, statelessness, and irregular migration. Although both countries are major destinations and transit points, neither has a national refugee law, nor is either...

The issue of child legitimacy continues to spark legal and social debates in Malaysia, especially due to the dual legal system comprising civil and Shariah laws. The distinction in how each system defines and treats illegitimate children presents significant implications for their rights, welfare, and...

In industrial relations, ‘strategic litigation’ is used by trade unions and activists to advance workers’ rights, both to pressure stakeholders and to raise public awareness. Malaysia’s legal context, however, has meant relatively limited attention to ‘strategic litigation’ for gig workers. By contrast,...

After the Government of Malaysia amended the Penal Code, the Anti-Stalking Law came into effect on May 31st, 2023. The provision allows the victim to seek protection from the stalker, including having them charged in Court. This applies to online and physical stalking. Although Malaysians embrace the...

Land conversion is a significant issue in regional development such as Kuningan Regency, a conservation district with prominent tourism and agricultural resources. The growing demand for land for residential, industrial, and infrastructure development frequently surpasses initiatives aimed at environmental...

Integration of AI-empowered digital intelligence in the mediation process for dispute resolution mechanisms, particularly cross-border issues, though fragmentedly applied and insufficiently explored, has established its expedition to multiple domains, with innovative performance in providing advanced...

Globalization has brought profound impacts on the dynamics of constitutional law across the globe, notably in the regulation of human rights (HR). Accordingly, the study aims to analyse how globalization has shaped the transformation and adaptation of constitutional law in the EU and ASEAN, and to compare...

The severity of sexual crimes perpetrated against children is alarming in numerous Asian countries, including Malaysia. The increasing number of sexual crime cases involving child victims must be addressed swiftly to safeguard both children and society. However, the current approach to sentencing sexual...

The 2022 revision of the Criminal Code represents a significant milestone in Indonesia’s national criminal law system. The update covers three main pillars of criminal law, namely criminal acts, criminal responsibility, and punishment. As a country that upholds the principles of Human Rights and has...

The abuse of marijuana narcotics (cannabis sativa) in Indonesia has become a serious problem, damaging the lives of individuals, families, communities, and the nation. Law No. 35 of 2009 on Narcotics regulates rehabilitation as an alternative to criminal punishment for drug addicts and abusers. This...

Nations become a party to Human Rights Treaties with reservations, declarations and derogations. It might look like mere technicalities on paper, but in reality, it can dramatically shape the international obligations towards the world [1]. While these sovereign actions occur frequently, the fundamental...

Forced Conversion (FC) of minor girls belonging to minorities in remote regions of Pakistan is an escalating socio-legal and human rights concern that violates both domestic and international legal frameworks. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973, guarantees freedom of religion...

Widespread ecological conflicts arising from deforestation and land tenure disputes in Indonesia highlight the limitations of state-centric, litigation-based resolution mechanisms, particularly within indigenous communities. This study investigates A’borong, the indigenous dispute resolution system of...

The observance of ihdād during a mandated mourning period for Muslim women following the death of a husband presents unique challenges, particularly for women who are actively engaged in the workforce. While ihdād is regulated within Islamic tradition, its application in the modern workplace raises important...

The advancement of in vitro fertilisation technology offers hope to infertile couples seeking biological children. However, disputes over the use of the cryopreserved embryos may arise when parties divorce or separate. Despite the absence of a statute governing assisted reproductive technology in Malaysia,...

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), such as arbitration, mediation and conciliation, has gained prominence in recent years to resolve employment disputes. ADR is cost-efficient, fast and has the capacity to preserve the employer-employee relationship. Under the Employment Protection Act 1975, ACAS...

This study examines whether Malaysia’s Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976 (LRA), and in particular Sect. 76, adequately addresses the treatment of intangible assets such as enhanced earning capacity, career advancements, and educational qualifications, in divorce proceedings. The purpose is to...

Recent reports reveal that persons with disabilities continue to face substantial barriers in accessing religious facilities and participating in public life within the Haramain, particularly in relation to mobility, spiritual services, and religious literacy. This reality underscores the limitations...

This study investigates how Malaysian Indian women perceive their involvement in informal work and their understanding of the legal frameworks that govern such economic activities. Informal work has long served as a viable avenue for women to supplement household income, especially for those balancing...

The paper compares the approaches taken by India and Malaysia to protect Traditional Knowledge without impeding innovation through their Intellectual Property and Biodiversity Laws. The paper employs doctrinal and comparative methods to examine India’s Biological Diversity Framework, including the Geographical...

Food waste is a significant problem for the economy, environment and food security. The amount of waste created everyday by the retail sector is phenomenal. In the retail industry, food waste is largely caused by demand uncertainty – the retailer stocks inventory without knowing demand, and the unsold...

Due to conflicting federal and state jurisdiction, the development of waqf land in Malaysia is frequently a contentious legal issue. Despite the fact that waqf is governed at the state level by the State Islamic Religious Councils (SIRC) in accordance with the Federal Constitution’s State List, all land...

The protracted refugee crisis in the Middle East, driven primarily by the Syrian conflict, has exposed critical weaknesses in international protection mechanisms and placed severe socio-economic pressures on host states. This study investigates three interrelated dimensions: the practical implementation...

‘Right to Disconnect’ has gained traction globally, advocating for legal protections that allow a worker to be able to disconnect from work and avoid work-related electronic communications during non-work hours. Workers are demanding that employers not contact them after office hours. While employers...

Indonesia is increasingly confronted with transboundary marine debris, with impacts most visible in maritime border areas such as the Malacca Strait. Although Indonesia has enacted an extensive body of domestic environmental legislation and is bound by international duties, most prominently under the...

This paper offers a doctrinal preliminary comparative analysis of the simplified extradition mechanism between Malaysia and Singapore, focusing specifically on the legal structure and procedural safeguards embedded within their respective extradition laws. While extradition of fugitive criminals between...

The technological evolution has unquestionably created new frontiers, seamlessly weaving itself into the fabric of our daily lives. The same technology also offers unprecedented opportunities for criminals while posing significant difficulties for law enforcement. This dichotomy is glaringly apparent...

Digitalization in the healthcare sector has been endowed with the Digital Twin (DT) Technologies. Seamless integration of data comprised of hardware, data management middleware, and software for monitoring, and integration from different digital platforms through interoperability, and to replicate those...

Corruption, which remains widespread in Malaysia, has become an increasingly serious social and governance problem. It not only undermines institutional trust and weakens governance structures but also erodes social values and public confidence. In Malaysia, corruption has long been entrenched across...

Law enforcement in Indonesia addressing corporate corruption typically targets only corporate officers, including directors and commissioners, who hold authority within the corporation. Criminal liability for corporate corruption is not only sufficient to hold directors and commissioners accountable,...

Anthropocentrism is a paradigm that has influenced environmental management procedures in Indonesia and even the world. However, the weakness of this paradigm is that it places humans as the center of interaction between humans and other aspects of the environment. In the anthropocentric paradigm, humans...

Following the vigorous development of the global digital economy, data has become a crucial strategic resource driving economic growth, and data protection has consequently emerged as a core issue attracting global attention. As emerging forces in the digital economy, ASEAN countries’ data protection...

The acceleration of ASEAN economic integration has intensified cross-border insolvency disputes, yet legal fragmentation endures due to divergent regimes and uneven adoption of international standards. Previous scholarship has largely emphasized the UNCITRAL Model Law at the global level. In contrast,...

This study examines the Islamic legal maxim lā ḍarara wa lā ḍirār in relation to the consumption of high-sugar foods declared halal by the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI). The maxim, rooted in the Qur’an and Hadith, prohibits any form of harm to oneself or others. Meanwhile, MUI determines the halal status...

Sexual violence constitutes not only a violation of the law but also a breach of human rights, inflicting profound harm on victims. In Indonesia, the criminal justice system continues to focus primarily on perpetrators, often neglecting the participation of victims, which increases the risk of revictimization....

This study provides a normative legal analysis of Indonesia’s sustainability reporting framework, examining both the legal architecture and its practical implementation. This study employs a normative legal research method, using statutory and conceptual approaches. The statutory analysis scrutinizes...

Sexual violence is a multidimensional problem that threatens the dignity, safety, and future of survivors. The incidence of such cases continues to increase, both in domestic and public spheres, with women and children as the dominant victims. This condition reflects the weak protection mechanisms for...

Waqf has made contributions in various fields for the community. Contribution waqf moment. This is not only limited to matters of land, cemetery, or development means of worship, but also deep field education, health, and welfare. The problem is the moment. There are still treasure objects that have...

Public procurement contracts occupy a unique position at the intersection of law, governance, and society. Far beyond their economic and administrative functions, these contracts serve as normative instruments that reflect and reproduce the values of accountability, transparency, and legitimacy in public...

This study aims to analyze the regulation of the State’s Right of Control over mineral and coal mining within the Indonesian legal system, examine the state’s authority in its implementation, and formulate an ideal legal policy in line with constitutional mandates. The concept of the State’s Right of...

2025 marks the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) norm’s 20th anniversary since its official inception at the 2005 World Summit. R2P is an international norm that recognises the internal and external responsibility of States to protect the population from the four atrocity crimes i.e. genocide, war crimes,...

Waqf is a fundamental institution in Islam that plays a vital role in promoting social welfare, economic development and community well-being. The mutawallī (trustee) serves as the key administrator of waqf by overseeing the management and preservation of waqf assets. In Malaysia, the State Islamic Religious...

This article critically examines the question of whether artificial intelligence (hereinafter referred to as “AI”) should be recognised as a juridical person within modern legal systems. AI technologies, capable of autonomous decision-making and complex reasoning, increasingly perform tasks with significant...

This paper aims to critically evaluate Pakistan’s Artificial Intelligence (AI) regulatory frameworks in terms of the general challenges faced by a developing country at the institutional level. Aside from challenges, Pakistan offers considerable room for growth and development in the technology sector....

The governance of childcare for children with disabilities is a critical determinant of inclusivity, social justice, and national resilience. Despite Malaysia’s progressive policies under the Malaysia MADANI and Persons with Disabilities Act 2008, implementation gaps persist between policy design and...

This study analyzes strict liability as the basis for corporate civil liability in fishing industry pollution cases, comparing Indonesia and Malaysia. Using normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, this study examines legal frameworks and enforcement practices....

Prevention and prosecution in Fish Quarantine Crimes sometimes do not run effectively, therefore breakthroughs and appropriate strategies are needed in law enforcement efforts. This article aims to analyze the effectiveness of prevention and prosecution in the crime of fish quarantine and find the right...

Sustainable development requires a legal framework that emphasizes not only normative certainty but also an ethical foundation that upholds ecological justice. Environmental regulations in Indonesia tend to be technical and sectoral, making them less effective in addressing the complexity of ecological...