Proceedings of the 2025 7th International Conference on Civil Engineering, Environment Resources and Energy Materials (CCESEM 2025)
58 articles
Proceedings Article
Peer-Review Statements
Jun Liu, Hüseyin Bilgin, Muhyiddine Jradi
All of the articles in this proceedings volume have been presented at the 7th International Conference on Civil Engineering, Environment Resources and Energy Materials (CCESEM 2025) during September 5 to 7, 2025, in Guangzhou, China. These articles have been peer reviewed by the members of the Scientific...
Proceedings Article
Deformation Calculation Model Researching of Buried Oil and Gas Pipeline
Ruan Chao, Ni Shimin, Liu Hualin, Chen Shan, Yang Jian, Tian Run
Due to the long distance and complex terrain, oil and gas pipelines often cross rural roads, highways, railways, etc., which has a great impact on pipeline safety. Based on the calculation model of earth pressure above buried pipeline proposed by Marston, this paper analyzes the force of buried oil and...
Proceedings Article
Study on Solid Liquid Flow Characteristics and Mixing Efficiency of Carbon Dioxide Fracturing Sand Mixing System
Shuai Li, Weiping Lv, Gao Yang, Bin Ren
CO2 dry sand fracturing is a dry fracturing technology that uses liquid CO2 as the fracturing fluid. Compared with water-based fracturing fluids, liquid CO2 fracturing fluid has the advantages of less damage to the reservoir, a stronger ability to support fractures, and higher flowback efficiency. The...
Proceedings Article
The Effect of Floor Slab on the Mechanical Performances of Chevron-Bracing Steel Frames
Shuanglong Yang, Jie He, Jiang Yang, Zhong Chen, Gang Zhang, Yifeng Lin, Yinyu Tian, Fang Lu
Chevron-bracing frames function as a dual lateral force-resisting structure by arranging pairs of braces within the steel frame, while one brace is in compression and the other in tension. When subjected to continuous lateral loads, the compression brace in chevron-bracing frames is prone to buckling,...
Proceedings Article
Artificial Intelligence-Driven Transformation in Civil Engineering: Key Technologies and Advances in Practice
Leyang Xie, Man Zhou
Against the backdrop of rapid urbanization and growing infrastructure demands, traditional civil engineering faces dual challenges in efficiency and quality. This paper examines the innovative applications of artificial intelligence (AI) across the entire lifecycle of civil engineering, systematically...
Proceedings Article
Research on Compression-Bending Shear Performance of Round-End Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Components
Guannan Huang, Jun Xiao, Lingyu Li
The finite element model of the round-ended concrete-filled steel tube compression-bending shear member was established by ABAQUS finite element software, and the accuracy of the model was verified. The working mechanism of the round-end concrete-filled steel tube compression-bending shear member was...
Proceedings Article
Research Progress of Influence of Temperature on Compressive Strength of Frozen Soil
Buqing Yan, Kun Zhang, Yunshan Zhang, Xianchun Chen, Shaolin He, Haiyang Yi, Linyu Chen, Weifeng Long, Hao Tian
Frozen soil, including pore water, pore ice, soil particles and air, is widely distributed on the earth’s surface. Its compressive strength is a significant parameter, which is closely related to cold area engineering and freezing construction. There are many factors affecting its compressive strength,...
Proceedings Article
Spatiotemporal Prediction Model for Joint Width Deformation in Cement Concrete Pavements Based on Physics-Informed Neural Networks
Sili Li, Yupeng Wang, Panpan Zhang, Dafu Li
To address the lack of theoretical support in predicting joint width deformation in cement concrete pavements, this study proposes a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) model that integrates physical mechanisms with on-site monitoring data. By combining long-term sensor data, including environmental...
Proceedings Article
Gradation Design and Optimization of Mineral Aggregates for a Highway Project in Central America
Canhui Xiao, Jianbao Fu, Yucheng Ding, Huaijin Xu
In response to the environmental characteristics of the tropical rainforest climate in Central America, where the annual rainfall reaches 4,000 mm, this study systematically establishes control points and restricted zones for mineral aggregate gradation in strict accordance with Superpave specifications...
Proceedings Article
Study on Optimal Gradation and Breakage Behavior Prediction Model for Granite Particles Considering Fragmentation
Ying Zhang, Ruiliang Lian, Shumei Chen, Wenmin Lu, Guoqiang Xu, Xiang Xu
The instability in compressive strength caused by variations in raw material gradation has emerged as a pressing challenge in dry-mixed concrete brick manufacturing. To achieve stable and enhanced compressive strength, this study focuses on granite aggregates used in dry-mixed concrete. Leveraging fractal...
Proceedings Article
Development and Application of Large-Scale Industrial Noise Models: Environmental Impact Analysis for Sustainable Industrial Development
Yongji Zhao, Lei Zhu, Yi Qin, Heping Liu, Yaxuan Sun
Industrial noise pollution represents a significant conflict between industrial economic development and the health and well-being of residents. To provide new noise reduction strategies for large industrial parks, this study takes a large industrial park as a case example and combines field measurements...
Proceedings Article
Application of BIM + Layout Robot Technology in the Positioning of Curved Wall
Tao Wang, Ruiji Li, Shaoquan Zhang, Zhixin Liu, Yi Tu, Wei Jiang
The construction accuracy and efficiency of curved walls have become a critical challenge as building designs grow more complex. This study explores a positioning method for curved walls that integrates BIM technology with layout robots. By digitally constructing BIM models and converting high-precision...
Proceedings Article
Research on the Stability of Subgrade Slopes of Root-Soil Composite Based on Discrete Element Software
Lei Gu, Xiaofei Zhazng, Xiangyang Wang, Haoyu Chen, Ziyi Liang
With the rapid development of China’s economy, the scale of transportation network construction continues to expand. In the construction of expressways, slope engineering formed by high filling and deep excavation has become an important research topic. This study focuses on the mechanical response mechanism...
Proceedings Article
Research on the Impact of Advanced Communication Technologies on the Development of Automotive Cybersecurity
Wenbo Jia, Haijun Wang, Jing Liu, Yingyi Yao, Xu Liu, Meng Han
With the rapid development of intelligent connected vehicles, automotive cybersecurity has become one of the urgent problems to be solved in the intelligent connected vehicle industry. In addition, new types of sensors and controllers have also posed new challenges and requirements for the communication...
Proceedings Article
Research on the Enaemble Method of Mechanism Sand and Natural Sand Based on Machine Learning
Lei Wang, Junmao Hu, Jie He, Min Liu, Jinpeng Dai, Qicai Wang
Accurate classification of manufactured and natural sand, a key natural sand substitute, is vital for controlling concrete performance. This study proposes a machine - learning - based sand classification method. By extracting sand particles’ morphological features (length /width ratio × roundness),...
Proceedings Article
Research Progress and Application of Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems in Educational Buildings
Lijuan Wang, Mengya Yin, Ziling Zhao, Weihao Chen
With the global push toward carbon neutrality, educational buildings—due to their large energy consumption and social significance—are increasingly regarded as ideal platforms for implementing photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems. This paper aims to assess the current progress and practical applications...
Proceedings Article
Analysis of Stress and Deformation of High-Pressure Jet Grouting Piles Reinforcing Loess Tunnels
Xincheng Tian, Qian Zhao, Hao Liu, Rong Li, Jinpeng Dai, Qicai Wang
The Lanzhou area’s loess is loosely structured, has a high pore ratio, is weak, and is extremely collapsible. These features result in the loess tunnel basement’s inadequate bearing capacity, which makes it simple for the tunnel basement to undergo severe deformation during excavation. High pressure...
Proceedings Article
A Study on Pedestrian Evacuation Way-finding Efficiency under the Influence of Memory and Natural Light
Lijuan Jiang, Jun Zeng, Weiyang Xu
This study evaluates evacuation efficiency under four scenarios in AnyLogic, combining phototaxis, original path, and evacuation sign exits. Results show that the configuration with all three 2-meter-wide exits enables the fastest evacuation—90% in 39 seconds and 100% in 55 seconds. Scenarios missing...
Proceedings Article
Improvement of Carbon Emission Assessment Algorithm for the Full Life Cycle: The Case of Wind-Storage Power Stations
Fujian Huang, Haotao Huang, Weigao Liang, Mengya Yin, Weihao Chen
Accurately evaluating the full life cycle carbon emissions of wind - storage power stations is vital for sustainable development amid the “Carbon Peaking and Neutrality Goals”. Unlike partial assessments, full life cycle ones are more complex and uncertain due to the need to cover all phases’ carbon...
Proceedings Article
Analysis of Hydrodynamic Characteristics During Flood and Dry Seasons in the Huangmaohai Sea Based on Buoy Station
Shenguang Fang, Junli Wang
To investigate recent tidal dynamics in the Huangmaohai waters, this study analyzed spatio-temporal hydrodynamic characteristics using principal tidal flux cross-section algorithms based on 15-day buoy observation data during flood and dry seasons. The flood and ebb currents in the Huangmaohai estuary...
Proceedings Article
Relationship Between Light Pipes Efficiency and Length-to-diameter Ratio
Zihan Xie, Jingyi Li, Shihua He, Jianxiang Xie, Weihao Chen
To investigate the functional relationship between the efficiency of light pipes and the length-to-diameter ratio, this study simulated and analyzed the relationship using HOLIGILM software under standard overcast sky conditions, based on the latitude characteristics and light climate conditions of Guangzhou....
Proceedings Article
Research on the Whole-Process Application of BIM Technology in Historical Building Renovation
Ming Zhou, Yuliang Qi, Haofan Chen, Jiangjiang Liu
BIM technology, leveraging its capabilities of 3D visualization and full lifecycle data coordination, has become a core tool for tackling complex engineering projects. However, existing BIM practices often face limitations such as disconnection between models and construction, inadequate support for...
Proceedings Article
Health Monitoring System for Offshore Wind Jacket Structures Based on Digital Twin: Literature Review
Ruize Shi, Zhibing Miao
Global wind energy development has been rapid since the 21st century, with offshore wind power platforms becoming increasingly popular. Due to the complex environmental loads on jacket structures and the resulting high maintenance costs, there is an urgent need to monitor the health of jackets. Digital...
Proceedings Article
Research on the Mechanical and Durability Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced 3D Printed Concrete
Wei Xiao
The application of carbon fiber in concrete is very extensive. This article conducts experiments on the mechanical and durability properties of carbon fiber-reinforced 3D printed concrete specimens by adding different amounts and lengths of carbon fiber to 3D printed concrete. The experimental results...
Proceedings Article
Pore Distribution of Foam Concrete with Different Density and Its Influence on Performance
Boyu Xue
The performance of foam concrete is greatly affected by its internal pores. This study systematically scanned samples of foam concrete with different densities, and analyzed the size and number of pores and their effects on the mechanical properties and sulfate resistance of foam concrete through software....
Proceedings Article
Research on Calculation Methods for Social Benefit Analysis of Flood Control and Disaster Reduction through Water Project Operations
Han Wang, Jiaming Liu, Chengwei Lu
Addressing the current issues of an imperfect social benefit assessment system for flood control and disaster reduction and a lack of quantitative methods, this study constructs a set of evaluation indicator systems and methods for the social benefits of flood control and disaster reduction through water...
Proceedings Article
The Study of Vibration Motor Vibration as an Automated Replacement for Manual Rodding in Concrete Slump Testing
Guangxing Lai
The slump of concrete was tested by vibrating with a vibrating motor instead of manual rodding. The effects of different vibrating motor vibration forces, different vibration times, different concrete strength grades and different concrete slumps on the difference and deviation rate of the slump of concrete...
Proceedings Article
Study on Preparation and Dechlorination Evaluation of High-Efficiency Organo-Chlorine Transfer Agent
Yao Zhao
The synthesis of 1-cyclohexyl-N,N,N-trimethylmethanaminium hydroxide was achieved through quaternization reaction followed by electrochemical purification. Subsequently, a high-efficiency organo-chlorine transfer agent was prepared by dissolving stoichiometrically equivalent amounts of 1-cyclohexyl-N,N,N-trimethylmethanaminium...
Proceedings Article
Research on the Beneficiation of a Limestone-type Zinc Oxide Ore
Weiqiang Liu
This study presents a comprehensive chemical and mineralogical analysis of a zinc oxide ore, and investigates flotation methods and collector agents for its beneficiation. The results indicate that the primary valuable mineral is smithsonite, while the gangue minerals include dolomite, limonite, quartz,...
Proceedings Article
Analysis and Dynamic Optimization of Highway Construction Schedule Management in Southeast Asian Environment
Yan Dong, Yujia Fu, Haotian Yang, Mingjun Yin, Yu Deng, Xingli Jia
Highway construction progress management in Southeast Asia is backward and inexperienced, in order to address this problem, this paper analyzes the highway construction progress management in Southeast Asian environment and proposes a dynamic optimization scheme. The article takes Thailand Rama San to...
Proceedings Article
Planning and Design of Three-Dimensional Landscape System for Elevated Bridges
Di Xie
With urban demands for ecological environment and spatial quality continuously improving, viaducts have become a key carrier of three-dimensional greening and overall landscape improvement. This article proposes a multi-scale integration overall three-dimensional landscape system planning model, based...
Proceedings Article
Effects of Combined Application of Biochar and Organic Fertilizer on Soil Improvement
Guizhai Zhang, Xinli Li, Shanshan Gao, Jing Li, Chunjuan Gong
This study prepared biochar from cow dung pyrolysis. Through a pot experiment, the effects of different combined application ratios (15% biochar + 85% organic fertilizer as Treatment A, 25% biochar + 75% organic fertilizer as Treatment B) on soil physicochemical properties were analyzed. The results...
Proceedings Article
Durability of Cement-Modified Phosphogypsum Composites Under Water Immersion
Zeyi Zhang, Yongwei Zhang, Shufan Cheng
Preparation of lightweight blocks from phosphogypsum (PG) is one of the effective approaches for its utilization under current technical conditions. To clarify the applicability of cement-solidified PG composites (PGC) in outdoor environments, mechanical property tests were conducted on PGC under water...
Proceedings Article
Research on the Current Situation of Artificial Intelligence in Gold Ore Exploration at Home and Abroad
Jing Zhang, Lei Zhu, Chunning Wang, Li Jiang, Yongqi Su, Jinfeng Li
Mineral resources play an important role in a country's economic development and national defense security, and gold is a crucial strategic metal mineral. With the continuous growth of global demand for mineral resources, traditional gold exploration methods are facing challenges such as high costs,...
Proceedings Article
Review of Research on Ice Interaction with Offshore Wind Turbines in Ice-Covered Areas
Wenbo Dong, Fang Li, Zhenru Reng, Yufei Zhang
Sea ice imposes additional loads on offshore wind turbines (OWTs), where extreme ice loads may lead to structural overturning, and cyclic ice loads can cause resonance and result in fatigue accumulation. A substantial amount of research has been carried out on the ice interaction with OWT support structures,...
Proceedings Article
Hydrodynamics Increase Microplastics Bioaccumulation and Associated Neurotoxicity in Freshwater Fish Brain
Majid Rasta, Niloofar Shabanpoor Lashkaryan, Xiaotao Shi
Microplastics (MPs) are an emerging threat to aquatic health, with growing evidence of their neurotoxic potential. This study investigated the bioaccumulation and neurotoxic impacts of 5 µm polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) on the brain of Ctenopharyngodon idella under varying water velocity conditions....
Proceedings Article
Analysis and Research on Typical Problems in Commissioning of Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems in Metro Stations
Sun Li
Commissioning of ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in metro stations is essential for operational readiness but faces significant challenges, including tight schedules, high workloads, and frequent failures. This paper analyzes three typical commissioning issues encountered in a provincial...
Proceedings Article
Experimental Study on Separation of a Gold Mine
Xiaoyan Bi, Yuna Zhang, Guiming Shi
A process mineralogy and beneficiation test study was conducted on a gold mine. The results indicated that the ore composition was relatively simple, primarily consisting of dolomite, chlorite, quartz, sericite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and limonite. Under a closed-circuit flotation process involving one...
Proceedings Article
Research on the Lifetime Prediction of Natural Gas Mercury Removal Agent Based on Improved GRU Neural Network
Chen Wang, Menglin Lin, Guiyuan Hu, Yueming Wang, Wei Yang, Lei Che, Huanghu Peng, Shengji Wu
Mercury contamination in natural gas systems presents dual hazards: compromising human health and corroding critical transmission infrastructure, ultimately jeopardizing the operational stability of gas purification facilities. Accurate prediction of mercury absorbent service life is therefore essential...
Proceedings Article
Research and Application of Friction Test Platform for Drilling Tools in Engineering Survey Horizontal Holes: Based on the Perspective of Modern Mechanical and Electrical System Engineering
Guosheng Li, Peng Yuan, Dajun Zhao, Yong Chen
In the horizontal hole drilling operation of engineering survey, the frictional resistance between the drilling tool and the wellbore seriously affects the drilling efficiency and the service life of the drilling tool. Starting from the design and control direction in modern electromechanical system...
Proceedings Article
Quantitative Risk Analysis of Styrene Distillation Based on HAZOP and Process Simulation
Zhiming Zhang, Gang Tao, Lijing Zhang
To enhance the accuracy of industrial process risk assessment, a quantitative HAZOP-based analysis model was established. Traditional HAZOP analysis was integrated with the process simulation software Aspen Plus to construct a process flow model. Subsequently, sensitivity analysis was employed to simulate...
Proceedings Article
Research on Intelligent Recognition Technology for Micro-Defects in Post Insulators Based on Ultrasonic Guided Waves
Jianpeng Jie, Xu Yan
This study proposes an ultrasonic guided wave-based method for internal defect detection of post insulators. Signal quality is enhanced using Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and wavelet denoising, while defect classification is achieved through a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Experiments confirm...
Proceedings Article
An RT-KDE Approach for Constructing Robust Renewable Energy Capacity Factor Databases
Qiaoyu Zhang, Guobing Wu, Kai Dong, Qiuna Ca, Zhongfei Chen
With the increasing penetration of renewable energy, accurately assessing power output is crucial for grid stability and economic operation. Traditional forecasting models, however, are susceptible to outliers and often fail to reflect the true central tendency of power output. This paper presents a...
Proceedings Article
Analysis of the Influence of Perforating Parameters on Fracture Initiation and Propagation Based on Boundary Element
Runzhou Li, Xiaoli Yang, Pengcheng Tang, Lu Li, Mingfei Li
Perforation and fracturing parameters critically influence fracturing effectiveness, yet accurately predicting initiation pressure and fracture width remains challenging. This study establishes a comprehensive rock initiation criterion by integrating the Mohr-Coulomb and tensile truncation criteria,...
Proceedings Article
Regularities of Lead Migration During Low-Rank Coal Pyrolysis
Shuqiang Jin
Understanding the migration of lead during coal utilization is crucial for mitigating heavy metal pollution and safeguarding ecological security. In this study, thermogravimetric analysis, sequential chemical extraction, and fixed-bed pyrolysis experiments were employed to systematically investigate...
Proceedings Article
Optimal Time-Optimal Trajectory Planning for Robotic Arms based on Improved Particle Swarm Optimization
Weimin Zhang, Hao Peng
Addressing the challenge of optimal-time trajectory planning for a STEP SD7/700 robotic manipulator subject to joint constraints, traditional interpolation methods suffer from low efficiency, while conventional PSO algorithms are prone to premature convergence, resulting in suboptimal trajectory planning...
Proceedings Article
Study on the Effect of Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer on the Performance of Aerated Concrete Blocks with Phosphogypsum
Wenhong Chen, Lei Deng, Yu Jiang, Bo Zhang
This study utilized polycarboxylate superplasticizer to optimize the workability of phosphogypsum aerated concrete blocks, addressing both the environmental impact of phosphogypsum stockpiling and the issue of short thickening time in these blocks. Utilized mining tailings, phosphogypsum, quicklime,...
Proceedings Article
Phytoremediation Technology and Management Systems for Chromium-Contaminated Sites
Shijie Wang
This study addresses the challenges of managing chromium-contaminated sites by systematically examining phytoremediation technology and its associated full-cycle management system. Our findings indicate that chromium pollution primarily originates from industries such as electroplating and chromate production....
Proceedings Article
Dynamic Regulation Mechanism Research for Distributed PV, Users, and Energy Storage Based on Value Sharing
Junwei Liu, Xiaojia Sun, Yuchuan Zhou, Juan Zhan, Menglong Sun, Xufeng Wu
This study tackles optimal resource allocation in distribution networks amid rapid distributed generation growth by proposing a dynamic regulation mechanism for distributed generation, users, and energy storage based on value sharing. We propose a dynamic pricing transaction framework based on value-sharing...
Proceedings Article
Preparation and Methanol Oxidation Performance Study of PtCu Nanoparticle Alloy Catalysts Modified by Mo2C Derived from MOFs
Chao Luan
Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs) represent a crucial pathway toward achieving green electricity generation and reducing dependence on conventional energy sources. However, the currently prevalent platinum-based catalysts for methanol electrooxidation reactions suffer from high costs, poor stability,...
Proceedings Article
Research Progress on Double Pulse MIG Welding in Aluminum Alloy Welding Technology
Hao Zhang, Changjun Liu, Ting Zou
Under the dual driving force of national “double carbon” strategy and lightweighting of rail transportation, aluminum alloy welding is facing the urgent demand of “high quality, low consumption and green”. Traditional laser welding is difficult to meet the stringent requirements for weld strength and...
Proceedings Article
Carbon Emission Trends and Driving Mechanisms of Transportation Sector in Western China
Zhixiao Zhang, Yugang Wang, Xun Gong, Zilin Ye, Dongmei Wang, Zhengjun Gong
This study examines transportation carbon emission characteristics and driving factors in Western China from 2000-2022 using LMDI decomposition analysis. Results show transportation carbon emissions increased four-fold from 56.05 to 248.31 million tons, with 8.2% average annual growth, following a “sustained...
Proceedings Article
Performance-Based Classification of Industrial Flocculent Cellulose Fibers Using Multi-Index Testing, Principal Component Analysis, and K-Means Clustering
Bo Ding, Xueyong Zhu, Lei Song, Fangtao Liu
To systematically assess the performance differences among various fiber materials, experimental testing and statistical analysis were conducted on 164 flocculent cellulose fiber samples from diverse production sources, aiming to investigate the distribution patterns and variability of key performance...
Proceedings Article
Research on the Solidification Characteristics of High Organic Matter Sludge and Its Composite Enhancement Effect
Hua Zhai, Xuehong Xu, Tao Zhang, Qiwei Liu, Jiali Peng, Chaohua Jiang
Based on the analysis of the physical and chemical properties of silt, and with ordinary cement as the control, the compressive strength, shear strength, water erosion resistance and dry-wet cycle durability of silt with different organic matter contents (5%, 6.5%, 8.5%, 10.5%, 12.5%) under the action...
Proceedings Article
A Case Study of Wintertime Aerosol Pollution in Qingdao
Hongxuan Zhou, Wenbo Guo, Yawen Gao, Shuhao Du, Yuzhe Zhang, Hao Ding, Zihao Wang
This study examines an air-pollution episode in Qingdao during 19th–26th December 2019, focusing on the physicochemical properties of different aerosol types and the evolution of their components to identify the particle sources that influenced and dominated the event. By combining air-mass back-trajectory...
Proceedings Article
Analysis on the Formation and Dissipation Processes of a Winter Dense Fog Event in the Jiangyin Region
Hongxuan Zhou, Wenbo Guo, Yawen Gao, Min Tao, Tong Zhou, Shuhao Du
To explore the development process of a thick fog in Jiangyin during winter, this study employed in this research include the elements of ship-borne automatic weather station, the infrared and visible cloud images from Himawari-8, and the data of wind, humidity, pressure fields, and sea temperature in...
Proceedings Article
Research on the Application of Water Quality Detection and Purification in the Natural Environment
Shujian Li, Bin Huang, Sheping Yang, Mingli Yuan, Lingpan Du, Jiantao Pang
This paper systematically studies the water environmental quality monitoring and purification technology system, analyzes the characteristics and application scenarios of conventional and modern monitoring methods, and discusses the collaborative optimization scheme between basic treatment technology...
Proceedings Article
Research on Vertical Bearing Capacity of Single Piles Considering Stratigraphic Variability and Soil Parameter Variability
Han Fang
Under the strategic context of China’s “New Era Western Development” and the “Belt and Road” initiatives, the geotechnical reliability of infrastructure construction in western regions has become increasingly critical. Addressing the limitations of conventional pile-bearing capacity analysis that neglects...